Upper and lower respiratory

Upper and lower respiratory Eluorine chlorine bromine ozone cyanogen chloride. ... 

Upper respiratory Upper and lower respiratory Lower respiratory skin... 

Local host defenses of both the upper and lower respiratory tract, along with the anatomy of the airways, are important in preventing infection. Upper respiratory defenses include the mucodliary apparatus of the nasopharynx, nasal hair, normal bacterial flora, IgA antibodies, and complement. Local host defenses of the lower respiratory tract include cough, mucodliary apparatus of the trachea and bronchi, antibodies (IgA, IgM, and IgG), complement, and alveolar macrophages. Mucus lines the cells of the respiratory tract, forming a protective barrier for the cells. This minimizes the ability of organisms to attach to the cells and initiate the infectious process. The squamous epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract are not ciliated, but those of the columnar epithelium of the lower tract are. The cilia beat in a uniform fashion upward, moving particles up and out of the lower respiratory tract. 

The upper and lower respiratory tracts respond differently to the presence of toxicants. The upper respiratory tract is affected mostly by toxicants that are water soluble. These materials either react or dissolve in the mucus to form acids and bases. Toxicants in the lower respiratory tract affect the alveoli by physically blocking the transfer of gases (as with insoluble dusts) or reacting with the wall of the alveoli to produce corrosive or toxic substances. Phosgene gas, for example, reacts with the water on the alveoli wall to produce HC1 and carbon monoxide. 

It is indicated in upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, septicaemia, bone and joint infection including acute haematogenous osteomyelitis. 

Diisoeyanates sueh as HDl represent a group of ehemicals that primarily target the upper and lower respiratory traet, resulting in ehronie pulmonary irritation and asthmatic reaction in hiunans. HDl is also known to be a potent respiratory and dermal sensitizing agent. Because of its potential to cause adverse health effects in exposed people, a number of regulations and advisory values have been established for HDl. 

Levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, so-called respiratory fluoroquinolones, with their enhanced gram-positive activity and activity against atypical pneumonia agents (eg, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella), are effective and used increasingly for treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 

Macrolide antibiotics axe used clinically to treat infections resulting from susceptible organisms in the upper and lower respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues, and genital tract. They are generally used orally, although... 

Systemic Effects.Silver nitrate and/or silver oxide have been reported to cause upper and lower respiratory tract irritation in humans when inhaled. In one case, inhalation of an unknown amount and chemical form of silver during work with molten silver ingots produced respiratory failure the day after exposure (Forycki et al. 1983). Without treatment the worker may have died. However, exposures such as this are not expected to be common and should be examined on a case by case basis. 

Anatomy and physiology. The human respiratory system is divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavities, nasopharynx, and oropharynx. The lower respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli, which are composed of respiratory tissues. 

Upper and Lower Respiratory Disease, edited by J. Corren,... 

Ammonia Immediate, upper, and lower respiratory tract irritation, edema... 

Antioxidants make up a large group of food additives, as they can prevent spoilage of easily oxidizable substances (containing much fat or oil). Typical examples of antioxidants used as food additives are the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BH A) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), widely used in packaged foods (Directive 2006/52/EC). It has been discovered that these antioxidants can cause adverse reaction in the upper and lower respiratory tract (not well documented), utricarial reactions (very common), and delayed hypersensitivity reactions (well documented) (Weber 2008a). 

Pathologic changes included inflammatory responses in the upper and lower respiratory tract ulceration, erosion, edema, hemorrhage of the gastric mucosa minor renal tubular and hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes. 

Q3 A type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for the development of the allergy. The symptoms are due to the effects of mast cell degranulation with the release of histamine. Mast cells are located in the nasal passages and the nasal mucosa is sensitive to the effects of histamine released from these cells, leading to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. The inflammation is associated with oedema and swelling, vasodilation and an increase in the secretion of mucus. The mucous membrane of other sections of the respiratory tract (accessory sinuses, nasopharynx, and upper and lower respiratory tract) will also be affected by the allergic reaction. 

Severe inhalational exposure Sudden coma, seizures, flaccid paralysis with apnea, miosis, diarrhea, and a victim who is wet (lacrimation, salivation, urination, sweating, copious upper and lower respiratory secretions). 

Clarithromycin is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate upper and lower respiratory tract infections as well as skin infections caused by susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The usual dosage is 250 to 500 mg twice a day for 7 to 14 days. 

Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin have been used extensively to treat upper and lower respiratory tract infections. However, there are concerns about the increasing resistance of S.pneumoniae to these drugs. 

Cefpodoxime proxctil 2 80 Sircpiococcos pneumoniae. Ncisscrio spp.. Haemopiuius. uifluenzae and (excepting cefpodoxime) many EnierobtJClerKiceoe Used to treat urinary, upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 

Effects in adult nonsmokers are not as conclusive in terms of alterations in lung function, but irritation of the eyes and of the upper and lower respiratory tract do occur, and ETS both increases the risk of... 

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