Vital capacity

Capacity, vital The maximum gas volume that can be expired from the lungs following maximum inhalation. 

Lung Emphysematous changes pulmonary infarcts reduced bacterial clearance muscle atrophy Pneumonia decreases in functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and maximum breathing capacity depressed hypoxic/hypercarbic drives... 

Kang SW, Bach JR. Maximum irrsufflation capacity vital capacity and cough flows in neuromuscular disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2000 79 222-227. 

The measurement of mechanical properties is a major part of the domain of characterisation. The tensile test is the key procedure, and this in turn is linked with the various tests to measure fracture toughness... crudely speaking, the capacity to withstand the weakening effects of defects. Elaborate test procedures have been developed to examine resistance to high-speed impact of projectiles, a property of civil (birdstrike on aircraft) as well as military importance. Another kind of lest is needed to measure the elastic moduli in different directions of an anisotropic crystal this is, for instance, vital for the proper exploitation of quartz crystal slices in quartz watches. 

Forced vital capacity (FVC) quantifies the maximum air volume expired following a maximal inspiration and is one of the basic measures of analyzing flow changes such as reduced airway patency observed in asthma. To measure FVC, an individual inhales maximally and then exhales as rapidly and completely as possible. FVC primarily reflects the elastic properties of the respiratory tract. The gas volume forcibly expired within a given time interval, FEV (where t is typically one second, FEVj q)... 

Forced vital capacity (FVC) Maximum forced expired volume following a... 

Vital capacity (VC) Greatest possible inspired volume. 

Vital capacity (VC) The volume of air that can be taken in and pushed out of the lungs. 

LebeDS-fahigkeit,/. capacity for living, vitality viability, -fui tion,/. vital function. 

A wide variety of physical properties are important in the evaluation of ionic liquids (ILs) for potential use in industrial processes. These include pure component properties such as density, isothermal compressibility, volume expansivity, viscosity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity. However, a wide variety of mixture properties are also important, the most vital of these being the phase behavior of ionic liquids with other compounds. Knowledge of the phase behavior of ionic liquids with gases, liquids, and solids is necessary to assess the feasibility of their use for reactions, separations, and materials processing. Even from the limited data currently available, it is clear that the cation, the substituents on the cation, and the anion can be chosen to enhance or suppress the solubility of ionic liquids in other compounds and the solubility of other compounds in the ionic liquids. For instance, an increase in allcyl chain length decreases the mutual solubility with water, but some anions ([BFJ , for example) can increase mutual solubility with water (compared to [PFg] , for instance) [1-3]. While many mixture properties and many types of phase behavior are important, we focus here on the solubility of gases in room temperature IFs. 

While vitally necessary, blowdown can be expensive in terms of lost heat. Therefore a point will be reached when it is economical to install a blowdown heat recovery system. Generally, the heat content in the blowdown water for a shell boiler will represent only about 25 per cent of the heat content in the same percentage of steam. Therefore, if a blowdown rate of 10 per cent is required this represents an approximate heat loss of 2.5 per cent from the boiler capacity. This differential reduces and eventually becomes insignificant on high-pressure watertube boilers. 

This is used when (1) the room needs heating instead of cooling or (2) for reheat as described above. It is vital in close control systems that its capacity is sufficient to maintain room temperature under these conditions, otherwise the system may fall into a loop, with the controls continuing to see high rh due to temperature. Using only part of the cooling coil for dehumidification will alleviate this situation. A heater capacity of the sensible heat extracted during dehumidification plus half the peak winter fabric loss is recommended where the room load could be nil in winter such as a start-up situation. 

Lubrication plays a vital role in the operation of industrial plant. For example, in a heavy rolling mill the lubrication system, though mostly out of sight in the oil cellar, may have a capacity of many thousands of gallons and exceed in bulk the mill itself. Lubrication systems of this size and complexity are usually fully automatic, with many interlocks and other safety features. Even with the smallest machines, automatic lubrication is becoming more popular. Where an automatic system would be impracticable or... 

The various functional properties of neutralizing amines, such as basicity, neutralizing capacity, DR, and volatility often have little or no direct relationship with each other, but all these properties are significantly different at boiler temperatures. This vital consideration is often insufficiently highlighted in manufacturers data sheets. Consequently, some of the commonly available information comparing amines records data at ambient temperatures, making it next to useless. 

Both thermodynamic and kinetic factors are of importance for antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant has to be located in the right position at the right time in order to prevent oxidative damage to vital cell components and will need to be regenerated from the one-electron oxidised form in a recycling process ... 

A suspected diagnosis of COPD should be based on the patient s symptoms and/or history of exposure to risk factors. Spirometry is required to confirm the diagnosis. The presence of a postbronchodilator FEV,/FVC ratio less than 70% [the ratio of FEV, to forced vital capacity (FVC)] confirms the presence of airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.1,2 Spirometry results can further be used to classify COPD severity (Table 12-1). Full pulmonary function tests (PFTs) with lung volumes and diffusion capacity and arterial blood gases are not necessary to establish the diagnosis or severity of COPD. 

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) indicate decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEN/,), decreased forced vital capacity (FVC), and increased residual volume. Values are typically worse during acute pulmonary exacerbations. 

Isoproterenol (104) is an important agent for classification because of its selective p-receptor agonist activity. It is of special interest that its chronotropic (increase in heart rate) and inotropic (increase in force of contraction) effects exceed that of epinephrine it is also used in the management of mild to moderate asthma due to its bronchodilating effect, resulting in increased vital capacity of the lungs. 

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