Other Molds

Several species of Penicillium are considered as secondary pathogens of grapes. P. expansum (formerly P. glaucum) is frequently isolated and is particularly troublesome. In addition to contributing to fruit deterioration, the mold produces powerful odor and flavor-active metabolites that may end up in the wine. As discussed previously, it has been implicated in mycotoxin formation. 

---

Other mold-based SCP processes that have been iavestigated iaclude utilization of sulfite waste Hquor by I aecilomyces varioti conversion of carob bean waste yg Jispergillus niger com- and pea-processiag wastes by Giotrichium sp. and coffee-processiag wastes by Trichoderma har anum (62). However, none of these processes is practiced commercially. 

What other molds may be implicated as a cause of infection that may not respond to voriconazole in this patient ... 

Thermoformed products are used in various outdoor and commercial applications which require tough products that have a large surface area. Typically, these products do not have close dimensional tolerances. Such applications include ornamental pool liners, dumpster lids, panels for portable sanitation facilities, and agricultural feed troughs. These products, which are not required in very large numbers, could not be produced economically by other molding processes,... 

The major difference between injection and extrusion blow molding is the way the soft hollow tube (called a preform or parison) is made. In injection blow molding, two different molds are used. One mold forms the preform and the other mold is used in the actual blow-molding operation to give the final shaped article. In the molding process, the softened material preform, from the preform mold, is introduced into the blowing mold and blow-molded to... 

We compare data on Bionolle, and conventional resins (LDPE and polystyrene). Bionolle is regarded as a potential substitute for LDPE in film processing and other molded products and as a substitute for polystyrene in foaming. We compare 1 kg of each resin. 

After a long fallow period, other workers have recently begun to extend Challenger s arsenic biomethylation work (1-3). Cox and Alexander have studied this reaction by the mold Candida humicola (59-9/). The overall reaction may be summed up by the reaction shown in Eq. (6). Both cell extracts and whole cells of Methanobacterium strain M.o.H. converted arsenate to dimethylarsine (92). Investigations on C. humicola and other molds determined that the rate of (CH s production follows the growth rate pattern of the mold, and decreases when the mold reaches the resting phase (93). The methylated arsenic intermediates were identified by use of... 

With the pressures in the mixing head at between 1,500 to 3,000 psi (10.3 to 20.6 MPa), the in-mold pressures are significantly lower than in many of the other molding processes. When comparing a typical RIM in-mold pressure of 50 to 150 psi (0.4 to 1.1 MPa) with the 5000 to 30,000 psi (34.5 to 206.7 MPa) required for thermoplastic injection molding (Chapter 4), it becomes apparent why RIM is particularly suitable for larger parts. Automotive bumpers are routinely produced on RIM presses with 100 to 150 tons of clamping force, while comparable injection molded parts require presses of 3500 tons or more. 

There is double-axis rotation, carousel, shutde, clamshell, rock-and-roll machines, and so on. These designs are similar to other molding systems whereby multiple molds can be used to speed up or even simplify production. Double-axis RM uses two platforms to hold molds. The carousel types can have three to six arms for mounting molds. 

As with other mold operation process mold release agents are usually required because the plastic melt can adhere to the surface of the mold cavity. Molds with very little or no draft usually require a release agent. Like other molding operations, a textured cavity can provide a textured product surface. Most texturing of cavities is by chemical etching so it is important to use the appropriate mold material to create a particular texture. An effective release is needed at the parting line to aid in demolding. 

When processing plastics some type of tooling is usually required. Tools include molds, dies, mandrels, jigs, fixtures, punch dies, perforated forms, etc. The terms for tools are virtually synonymous in the sense that they have some type of female and/or negative cavity into or through which a molten plastic moves usually under heat and pressure or they are used in secondary operations such as cutting dies, stamping sheet dies, etc. These tools fabricate or shape products. In this chapter injection molds and extrusion dies are primarily reviewed because they represent over 95% of all tools made for the plastic industry. This chapter also includes information applicable to other molds and dies used in the other processes some of the other chapters too provide information applicable to their tools. 

When tool steels of high hardness are used they are supplied in the soft annealed condition (hardened mold inserts for cores, cavities, other molding surfaces and gibs, wedge locks, etc are typically hardened to a... 

Some of the products of mold metabolism have great importance. For example, a mold called Rhizopus produces fumaric acid, which can be used in the production of the drug cortisone. Other molds can produce alcohol, citric acid, oxalic acid, or a wide range of other chemicals. Some molds can cause fatal neural diseases in humans and other animals. Moldy bread is nonpoiso-nous. Nevertheless, approximately one hundred million loaves of moldy bread are discarded annually in the United States. The molds typically cause spoilage rather than rendering the bread poisonous. 

The presence of other molds is more than just inconvenient. Indeed, some molds growing on food are believed to cause cancer, particularly of the liver. Another curious effect of mold is related to old, green wallpaper. In the nineteenth century, wallpaper of this color was prepared using compounds of arsenic, and when molds grow on this substrate they have been known to release arsenic gas. 

Other molds can produce other mycotoxins, which can be just as problematical as aflatoxin. The term mycotoxin can also include substances responsible for the death of bacteria, although these compounds are normally referred to as antibiotics. 

Other molds are used in various industrial processes. For example, Aspergillus terreus is used to manufacture icatonic acid, which is used in plastics production. Other molds are used in the production of alcohol. For example, Rhizopus, which can metabolize starch into glucose, directly ferments the glucose to give alcohol. Other molds are used in the manufacture of cheeses, flavorings and chemical additives for foods. 

Molds also produce complex products of secondary metabolism. These secondary metabolites include chemicals used to ensure that the molds maintain their niche within their current habitat. These chemicals may suppress the growth of bacteria or other molds (antibiotic effect), or may be toxic to other eukaryotic cells (mycotoxic effect),. Mycotoxins may function as inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The production of secondary metabolites... 

The US Food and Drug Administration has set regulatory limits for aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Health Canada has set limits for zearalenone (from Fusarium and some other molds). However, the majority of mycotoxins do not have regulatory limits. 

---