Jute fabrics

Hydrogen peroxide bleaching process is most suitable for bleaching jute fabrics and the bleached goods are suitable for making diversified jute products. 

The use ofperacetic acid as ableaching agent for jute fabrics is reported [119]. The optimum bleaching results are obtained at 70°C around pH 6.5. The mild acidic condition is most suitable because of the fact that neither hydrocellulose nor... 

The improvement of photostability of jute fabric itself is an important matter to be given priority. Various processes have been developed in which bleached jute does not revert to its natural colour on exposure to light. The blocking of reactive phenolic groups by etherification or esterification is expected to arrest the yellowing process. The presence of some chromophore in dyes can cause absorption of near uv-radiation of sunlight and prevent discolouration. Bleached jute goods treated with copper-potassium dichromate (0.25% o.w.f) improve photostability over conventional bleached fabric [123]. 

A continuous or semi-continuous process for bleaching of jute fabric with chlorinated derivatives of cyanuric acid is developed [126]. The process comprises a preliminary treatment with boiling water, followed by impregnation of the materials with 0.4-0.6% aqueous alkaline solution, and then subjection of the material to steam treatment. Thereafter, the material is treated at 20-50 C with a mixture of trichlorocyanuric acid and cyanuric acid (with available chlorine content 7-15 g/1), containing sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. The pH of the solution is finally adjusted to 4-5 with acetic acid or phosphoric acid. The treated material is then bleached with H,0,. The time of treatment is usually 40-60 min, but can be extended to 2 h in the case of a heavy fabric with high lignin content. 

CS jute fabrics (cellulose) Ag+h Zn, Zr Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans 35... 

Chitosan metal Jute fabric -By padding jute fabric samples with complex chitosan metal complex solutions... 

A.K. Mohanty, M.A. Khan, G. Hinrichsen, Influence of chemical surface modification on the propoties of biodegradable jute fabrics—polyester amide composites. Composites A Appl. Sci. Manufacturing 31 (2000) 143-150. 

The appearance and feel of jute fabrics is much improved by the woolenizing process, and bleached and dyed fabrics appear to have commercial possibilities. The problem is the cost of the treatment, and to achieve similar effects more cheaply may require a deeper knowledge of the internal changes that take place within the fiber. 

Mohanty AK, Khan MA, Hinrichsen G et al (2000) Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance of biodegradable Jute-fabric/Biopol composites. Compos Sci Technol 60 1115-1124... 

Mohanty AK, Parija S, Misra M (1996) Ce(IV)-A(-acetylglycine initiated graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto chemically modified pineapple leaf fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 60 931-937 Mohanty AK, Khan MA, Hinrichsen G (2000) Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance ofbiodegradable jute-fabric/Biopol composites. Compos Sci Technol 60 1115-1124 Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT, Selke SE, Harte BR, Hinrichsen G (2005) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites an introduction. In Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Taylor Francis, FL, Boca Raton Mukherjee PS, Satyanarayana KG (1986) Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres Part 2 pineapple fiber. J Mater Sci 21 51-56... 

The ballistic properties of high performance fibers such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and aramid and their composites are very well known. The ballistic properties of flax, hemp, and jute fabric reinforced PP composites processed by hot compression molding have also been investigated. It has been shown that flax composites exhibited better properties when compared with hemp and jute composites [48]. 

Natural fiber (jute fabric) and industrial wastes are used along with polymer to make composite wood substitute products. In this process, processed fabric of jute fiber and industrial wastes such as fly ash/red mud/marble sluny dust with polymer were synthesized in molds of required length and width. The composite laminates were fabricated with requisite pressure and cured at room temperature. Various products such as full size door shutters and panels can be fabricated and designed according to requirement. The industrial waste-based polymer composite products are comparable to natural wood and thus could be used as a wood substitute for doors, windows, ceilings, flooring, partitions, and furniture, etc. The products are cost-effective and no further maintenance is required. This is an environment friendly product with fruitful utilization of fly ash/red mud/marble slurry dust (Table 22.14). The salient features of the products are ... 

Incorporation of jute fabric with other raw materials such as in red mud/fly ash/marble slurry to polyester increased the tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and resistance to abrasion (Table 22.14). 

Suitable combination of jute fabric, polyester, and industrial wastes can be used to get the desired properties of the laminates. 

Addition of jute fabric improved reinforcement in the composites leading to improvement in the latter s mechanical properties. Incorporation of red mud in these composites increased the density, modulus of rupture, and resistance to abrasion. However, the impact strength is reduced. This property can be improved to some extent by the addition of sisal fibers. Reinforcement of red mud imparts high abrasion resistance, which makes it suitable for flooring tiles. Various building components manufactured by using some plant fibers are shown in Table 22.15. 

Varma IK, Ananthakrishnan SR, Krishnamoorthy S (1989) Composites of glass/modified jute fabric and unsaturated polyester resin. Composites 20 383-388... 

Ahmad KS, Vijayaranjan S (2007) Experimental characterization of woven jute fabrics reinforced isophthalic polyester composites. J Appl Polym Sci 104 2650-2662... 

M. Iman, and T.K. Maji, Effect of crosslinker and nanoclay on starch and jute fabric based green nanocomposites. Carbohydr. Polym. 89,290-297(2012). 

Haydaruzzaman, R.A. Khan, M.A. Khan, A. H. Khan, and M.A. Hossain, Effect of gamma radiation on the performance of jute fabrics-reinforced polypropylene composites. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 78, 986-993 (2009). 

T.M. Gowda, A.C.B. Naidu, and R. Chhaya, Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites. /. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 30(3), 277-284(1999). 

For overlays, PPCC is mixed on site and brushed onto the exposed surfaces. The PPCC should be covered with wet burlap (coarse jute fabric) and a layer of polyethylene film on top of it. After 24 hours of wet curing, the burlap and polyethylene are removed and PPCC is let to dry out for at least 72 hours. Then the traffic may be permitted on the surface. 

Sever K, Sarikanat M, Seki Y, Erkan G, Erdogan U H, Erden S (2012) Surface treatments of jute fabric The influence of surface characteristics on jute fabrics and mechanical properties of jute/polyester composites . Industrial Crops and Products, 35, 22-30. 

A thermosetting resin containing approximately 40% of cardanol by weight has been synthesized by adding an epoxy monomer and an acid-based catalyst to a resole compound (Maffezzoli et al., 2004). This last was manufactured through a polycondensation reaction between cardanol and formaldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst. The formulation characterized by adequate properties and curing temperatures was reinforced with natural fibers (i.e. short ramie, flax, hemp fibers and a jute fabric) to obtain samples which were then tested both in tensile and in flexural configurations. 

All natural fibers are hydrophihc and their moisture content ranges from 3 to 13%. This leads to a very poor interface between natural fiber and the hydrophobic matrix and very poor moisture resistance. Several fiber surface treatments are used to improve the interface viz-thermal treatment, chemical treatment, and use of coupling agents (Bledzki and Gassan, 1999). Fillers are added to composites for technical and chemical reasons (Milewski and Katz, 1980). Calcium carbonate has maximum usage as filler in plastics and FRP due to its low cost, non-toxicity and lack of odor. Present work gives effectiveness of jute fabric treatment and addition of filler on properties of jute reinforced polyester composites (JFRP). 

Two types of conunercially available jute fabrics were used Hessian cloth with starch and Hessian cloth without starch. Isophthalic polyester resin was used as matrix. Metltyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and cobalt naphthenate were used as catalyst and accelerator, respectively. Calcium carbonate (200 mesh) was used as filler. 

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