Low applications

Triazole derivatives (diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fluhinconazole etc.) are widely used in agricultural practice as fungicides. The low application rates of these formulations require specific conditions for identification of residual quantities in different objects. 

In particular, the low application rates used for these compounds in agricultural formulations are an important positive factor which should contribute significantly to the elimination process, and to the minimisation of any potential negative accumulative effects. 

The rates of modiflcation of an introduced cysteine are obtained by measuring the effect of successive low applications of MTS on agonist-gated current (O Figure 21-3). The optimal MTS concentration to use... 

Colorado potato beetle, diamond back moth, pear psylla, and Liriomyza leafminers can be achieved at extremely low application rates of MK-936 in the range of 0.005-0.03 lb per acre (5.5 - 33 g per hectare). For foliage applications a 0.15 EC (1.8% w/v) emulsifiable concentrate formulation has been developed. Field studies have shown that the formulation is non-phytotoxic to all target crops on which it has been evaluated including many varieties of sensitive ornamental plants. 

The sulfonylureas described here are new herbicides with unprecedented activity. Activity at extraordinarily low rates of application has been demonstrated by both preemergence and postemergence applications (Ref. 1). These rates are best describee in grams per hectare compared to kilograms per hectare for most herbicides currently marketed. Furthermore, the combination of low application rates, half lives of generally less than two months in the soil (Ref. 2) and excellent safety to mammals [LD5o s of generally >5000 mg/kg for technical material in male rats] (Ref. IC) makes these compounds attractive products from an environmental viewpoint. 

For treatment by the ZPU, a waste stream must be in the vapor phase at near-ambient pressure, at a temperature of less than 400°F, and relatively free of particulate matter. Each compound in the waste stream has unique requirements for destruction. Many compounds are destroyed with a low application of energy, while others require a stronger application. The dose required for a specific combination of contaminants must be determined experimentally. Moisture may either enhance or reduce system effectiveness depending on the mixture. Compounds that act as free-radical scavengers or reducing agents may diminish the process efficiency. Concentrations of vapors that produce temperatures above 400°F in the reaction chamber through exothermic reaction must be diluted to keep the temperature below 400°F. 

Sales of agricultural products were 600 million in 1984. Du Pont expects to double this amount by 1990. There are many new products in the pipeline. Several of these new products are weed killers based on sulfonylurea chemistry. This family of weed killers is characterized by very low toxicity to mammals and high herbicidal activity at very low application rates in the field—often less than an ounce per acre of cropland. 

In addition to the extremely low application rates, arthropod pheromones are extremely volatile, are subject to rapid environmental degradation, and are metabolized by enzyme systems present in most living organisms [39, 43]. Most of the USE P -registered products in the U S A are arthropod pheromones and, of those, the majority are straight-chain lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) pheromones (SCLPs). 

Since 1980, the discovery of many herbicides with very low application rates has shifted the application timing and chemistry of herbicide applications. The majority of the newly discovered low-rate herbicides were best suited to postemergence applications, and their adoption has resulted in a gradual shift away from preplant or preemergence soil-applied treatments. 

Wide chemical variability without loss of biological properties --High efficacy against numerous phytopathogenic fungi —Systemic activity In some cases —Protective, curative and eradicative activity —Low application rates... 

Carbaryl. Carbaryl has been field tested in Canada at a rate of 0.28 kg/ha applied twice. This rate is considerably lower than application rates widely utilized for forest insect control programs in the United States. At this low application rate no... 

Figure 113 The effect of squeegee pressure on the weight of paste applied (A) Light pressure—low application (B) Higher pressure—higher application (1) Squeegee, (2) Screen, (3) Paste, (4) Substrate...

First, a pesticide evaporating from spot-wise deposits within a crop will largely be adsorbed on other parts of the crop. This does not happen with water since if one leaf is transpiring, so are the others. This must accelerate the predicted rate of loss from each local deposit but will delay the total loss at low application rates, by reducing the available vapor pressure. 

Many of the new pesticides are active at low application rates, resulting in the need for sophisticated instrumentation for the traditional residue analysis. Such instrumentation is lacking in developing countries thus restricting analysis to older pesticides. The analytical capability of laboratories in developing countries needs to be improved in order that both research and monitoring can carried out on the environmental and health risks associated with the newer pesticides in tropical regions. 

Cost effective, water dispersible, antistatic lubricant for processing wool and synthetic fibres on the woollen system. May be used on either clean or greasy blends to impart the correct balance of frictional properties at low application levels. Improves the yield of short fibre blends by reducing fly waste and droppings. 

Clear viscous aqueous solution. Highly effective size for filament polyamide yarns. SYNCOL F25 exhibits very high adhesion to polyamide fibres producing warps of high weaving efficiency at relatively low application levels. 

Clear viscous aqueous solution. Like SYNCOL F this product gives extremely efficient weaving at low applications. It is particularly recommended for Nylon 6 where it helps to eliminate yarn sticking and size deposits during weaving. 

A highly effective aqueous solution giving high weaving performance at low application levels on continuous filament viscose yarns. Readily removed in a neutral or mildly alkaline scour. Dyeing can be carried out without desizing. 

Because of its high adhesive power and low application levels much reduced dust levels can usually be achieved. VICOL 515 is also suitable for use in certain size recovery systems. 

Highly effective requiring very low application levels... 

To achieve low application viscosity at higher solids in solvent-borne coatings it is necessary to have low polymer molecular weight and narrow PDi. 

The excellent properties which can be designed into the final molecule, as well as low application temperatures, make epoxies extremely useful in many electrical applications. Structoset coatings, based on a great variety of prepolymers, are widely used because one is able to tailor coatings for a variety of end uses and to obtain satisfactory properties combined with good economics. 

LC/MS has emeiged as a sensitive and selective residue methodology for the trace organic analysis of crop protection chemicals. This technology is especially applicable to low application rate herbicides such as sulfonylureas because it requires minimal sample processing and clean-up prior to chromatographic and spectroscopic quantitation. 

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