Birth weight, low

Tb allium intoxication during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause skeletal deformities, alopecia, rash, low birth weight, and premature birth (38). 

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in animals are numerous and vary from species to species (13). Although the deficiency of the vitamin can affect different tissue types such as reproductive, gastrointestinal, vascular, neural, hepatic, and optic in a variety of species such as pigs, rats, mice, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, monkeys, and sheep, it is generally found that necrotizing myopathy is relatively common to most species. In humans, vitamin E deficiency can result from poor fat absorption in adults and children. Infants, especially those with low birth weights, typically have a vitamin E deficiency which can easily be corrected by supplements. This deficiency can lead to symptoms such as hemolytic anemia, reduction in red blood cell lifetimes, retinopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. 

Inducing and maintaining remission of IBD prior to conception is the optimal approach in women planning to become pregnant. Active IBD may result in prematurity and low birth weight. Thus, pregnant women with IBD should be monitored closely, particularly during the third trimester.44... 

Treat symptomatic trichomoniasis with oral metronidazole in order to alleviate maternal symptoms (Table 44—5). Do not treat asymptomatic disease. There is no evidence suggesting that treatment of asymptomatic disease will reduce the incidence of preterm labor or low birth weight, and systematic review suggests that this practice may even increase the incidence of preterm birth.40... 

Urinary candidiasis Fluconazole 200 mg IV or PO for 7-14 days OR Amphotericin B 0.3 mg/kg per day IV for 1-7 days Asymptomatic candiduria does not required therapy However, treatment is recommended in neutropenic, low-birth-weight infants, and patients undergoing urologic manipulations or those with renal allografts Amphotericin B bladder irrigation no longer recommended... 

Fetal growth restriction Diminished fetal growth that often leads to low birth weight. 

The classification listed in Table 1 will be utilized throughout this chapter. Caution must be exercised when referring to observations in the neonatal period, however, since premature and/or very low birth weight neonates often have drug responses and disposition significantly different from those of full-term neonates. These differences will be clearly identified in the text. 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

J. Glazer, M. Danish, S. Plotkin, and S. Yaffe, Disposition of chloramphenicol in low birth weight infant, Pediatrics, 66, 573 (1980). 

Min YI, Correa-Villasenor A, Stewart PA. 1996. Parental occupational lead exposure and low birth weight. Am J Ind Med 30(5) 569-578. 

Chronic exposure to Pb has been shown to cause anaemia, neurotoxic effects, such as reduced cognitive performance and reduced peripheral nerve conduction velocity, and nephrotoxicity. Children are more sensitive to exposure to Pb than adults, especially during the first 2 years of life [41], For children, exposure to lead can cause growth retardation, affect the neuropsychological development and cause encephalopathy [39]. Adverse reproductive effects due to lead exposure have been observed for both men and women. Exposure of pregnant women to low concentrations of lead is associated with miscarriages and low birth weights [40],... 

In all tested organisms, PCBs — especially PCBs with 2,3,7,8-TCDD-like activity — adversely affected patterns of survival, reproduction, growth, metabolism, and accumulation. Common manifestations of PCB exposure in animals include hepatotoxicity (hepatomegaly, necrosis), immunotox-icity (atrophy of lymphoid tissues, suppressed antibody responses), neurotoxicity (impaired behavior and development, catecholamine alterations), increased abortion, low birth weight, embryolethality, teratogenicity, gastrointestinal ulceration and necrosis, bronchitis, dermal toxicity (chloracne, edema,... 

Nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke include increased age, male gender, race (African American, Asian, Hispanic), family history of stroke, and low birth weight. 

The principal infecting organism is Escherichia coli, but Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae account for some infections. Untreated bacteri-uria may result in pyelonephritis, preterm labor, preeclampsia, transient renal failure, and low birth weight. 

Patients at high risk for dissemination include neutropenic patients, low-birth-weight infants, patients with renal allografts, and patients who will undergo urologic manipulation. 

Most children born with HIV are asymptomatic. On physical examination, they often present with unexplained physical signs such as lymphadenop-athy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, failure to thrive, and weight loss or unexplained low birth weight, and fever of unknown origin. Laboratory... 

Complications Epididymitis and chronic prostatitis (uncommon) Male infertility (decreased sperm motility and viability) Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated complications (i.e., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) Premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, and low-birth-weight infants (risk of neonatal infections is low) Cervical neoplasia... 

No major teratogenic effects have been identified with the SSRIs or TCAs. However, evaluations to date suggest a possible association of fluoxetine with low birth weight and respiratory distress. Another study reported a sixfold greater likelihood of the occurrence of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn infants exposed to an SSRI after the twentieth week of gestation. 

The risks of untreated depression in pregnancy should be considered. These included low birth weight, maternal suicidality, potential for hospitalization or marital discord, poor prenatal care, and difficulty caring for other children. 

Susceptibility factors increase the risk for kidney disease but do not directly cause kidney damage. Susceptibility factors include advanced age, reduced kidney mass and low birth weight, racial or ethnic minority, family history, low income or education, systemic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. 

Women with PKU who become pregnant must be especially careful about the phenylalanine level in their blood so as not to adversely affect neurologic development in the fetus. Infants whose phenylketonuric mothers have not maintained adequate metabolic control during pregnancy have a high risk for mental retardation (although less profound than in a child with untreated PKU), microcephaly, and low birth weight. 

The study did not provide data on the heptachlor level in the milk of nonexposed women. Therefore, the data are inadequate to establish a relationship between exposure to heptachlor and human developmental toxicity. Milk fat levels of heptachlor measured in Hawaii during this time ranged from 0.12 to 5.00 ppm (ERA S "worst case" estimates on record range from 0.10 to 1.20 ppm). No increase in fetal or neonatal deaths or incidence of low birth weight infants were found in this study cohort. Of the 23 categories of major congenital malformations evaluated, 22 were found to be decreased in the study population when compared with comparison cohorts from the other... 

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