Pregnancy ectopic

Thus, our attention should shift from the concern of potential adverse effects to the health benefits imparted by hormonal contraceptives. The use of oral contraceptives for at least 12 months reduces the risk of developing endometrial cancer by 50%. Furthermore, the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in users of oral contraceptives is reduced by 40% compared with that on nonusers. This kind of protection is already seen after as little as 3-6 months of use. Oral contraceptives also decrease the incidence of ovarian cysts and fibrocystic breast disease. They reduce menstrual blood loss and thus the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. A decreased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancies has been reported as well as an ameliorating effect on the clinical course of endometriosis. 

Ovarian enlargement, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, ectopic pregnancy, abdominal discomfort... 

Taking the contraceptive hormones provides health benefits not related to contraception, such as regulating the menstrual cycle and decreased blood loss, and incidence of iron deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea Health benefits related to the inhibition of ovulation include a decrease in ovarian cysts and ectopic pregnancies. hi addition, there is a decrease in fibrocyctic breast disease, acute pelvic inflammatory disease endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, maintenance of bone density, and symptoms related to endometriosis in women taking contraceptive hormones. Newer combination contraceptives such as norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol... 

Various conditions such as perforated peptic ulcer, cholecystitis, common bile duct and intestinal obstruction, trauma to the abdomen inducing pancreatitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy may cause an elevated serum amylase but the levels are usually not as high as those found in acute pancreatitis. Mumps and bacterial parotitis, which block the secretion of salivary amylase are associated with mild elevations of serum amylase. 

There are potential side effects of IUD use. The most common adverse effects are cramping, abnormal uterine bleeding, and expulsion of the device. Other side effects seen are ectopic pregnancy, sepsis, PID, embedment of the device, uterine or cervical perforation, and ovarian cysts.40,41... 

Intrauterine pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, and miscarriage must be at the top of the differential diagnosis list for any woman presenting with heavy menses. 

Ectopic pregnancy Presence of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity. 

Noncontraceptive benefits of OCs include decreased menstrual cramps and ovulatory pain decreased menstrual blood loss improved menstrual regularity increased hemoglobin concentration improvement in acne reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer and reduced risk of ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, and benign breast disease. 

Drugs that may induce metabolism of CHC and reduce efficacy (griseofulvin, antiretroviral History of ectopic pregnancy... 

The progestin-only Minipills tend to be less effective than combination OCs, and they are associated with irregular and unpredictable menstrual bleeding. They must be taken every day of the menstrual cycle at approximately the same time of day to maintain contraceptive efficacy. They are associated with more ectopic pregnancies than other hormonal contraceptives. 

Women using DMPA have a lower incidence of Candida vulvovaginitis, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endometrial and ovarian cancer compared to women using no contraception. The median time to conception from the first omitted dose is 10 months. 

Approximately 15% of women with gonorrhea develop pelvic inflammatory disease. Left untreated, pelvic inflammatory disease can be an indirect cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancies. 

For some syndromes, clinical manifestations may be minimal or absent. Recurrent herpes infection may manifest as a single lesion. cMost cases of pharyngeal gonococci infection are asymptomatic. Salpingitis increases the risk of subsequent ectopic pregnancy and infertility. 

Complications Rare (epididymitis, prostatitis, inguinal lymphadenopatfiy, urethral stricture) Disseminated gonorrhea Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated complications (i.e., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) Disseminated gonorrhea (three times more common than in men)... 

In recent years it seems that AIDS has somewhat eclipsed other sexually transmitted diseases. A problem, however, is that sexually transmitted diseases not only cause ill health in their own right, but can have long-term consequences including infertility, ectopic pregnancy and genital cancers. Consequently, there is increasing concern about... 

Kessel E. (1998) Quinacrine sterilization An assessment of risks for ectopic pregnancy, birth defects and cancer. Adv Contraception 14 81-90. 

Ectopic pregnancies The risk of ectopic pregnancy may increase with the duration of use and, possibly, with increased weight of the user. Any patient who presents with lower abdominal pain must be evaluated to rule out ectopic pregnancy. 

Z0355 Zhu, F. Q., W. J. Zhang, and J. X. Xu. Experience of treating 42 cases of ectopic pregnancy by the method of combining TCM and western medicine. Zhejiang-Zhongyi Zazhi 1982 17 102. 

It has become apparent that reduction in the dose of the constituents of oral contraceptives has markedly reduced mild and severe adverse effects, providing a relatively safe and convenient method of contraception for many young women. Treatment with oral contraceptives has also been shown to be associated with many benefits unrelated to contraception. These include a reduced risk of ovarian cysts, ovarian and endometrial cancer, and benign breast disease. There is a lower incidence of ectopic pregnancy. Iron deficiency and rheumatoid arthritis are less common, and premenstrual symptoms, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, acne, and hirsutism may be ameliorated with their use. 

First- and second-trimester abortion Cervical reopening Induction of labor Augmentation of labor Postpartum hemorrhage Ectopic pregnancy Lactation suppression In gastrointestinal disease Peptic ulceration Liver transplantation Chemotherapy-induced mucosal lesions In cardiovascular disease Congenital cardiac malformations Raynaud s syndrome Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Adult respiratory distress syndrome Pulmonary hypertension Arterial occlusive disease Extracorporeal circulation In urology Erectile dysfunction... 

A less well-established use involves intratubal injection of PGF2a for ectopic pregnancy (90,91). Oral PGE2 can be used to suppress lactation, for which it is as effective as bromocriptine, and causes less breast tenderness (92). 

Eckford S, Fox R. Intratubal injection of prostaglandin in ectopic pregnancy. Lancet 1993 342(8874) 803. 

Anonymous. Oral contraceptives. Ectopic pregnancy following emergency oral contraceptive failure. WHO Pharmaceuticals Newslett 2002 4 10. 

Vinson DR. Emergency contraception and risk of ectopic pregnancy is there need for extra vigilance Ann Emerg Med 2003 42 306-7. 

Harrison-Woolrych M, Woolley J 2003 Progestogen-only emergency contraception and ectopic pregnancy. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 29 5-6. 

Any consideration of major issues relating to the balance of benefit and harm, such as cancer or mortality rates, should be supplemented by a consideration of less prominent ones, for example, a reduction in disorders of the menstrual cycle (such as dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and the premenstrual syndrome) and the reduced risks of iron deficiency anemia, functional ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, benign breast disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy (10,11). 

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