Lithium insertion material

Beginning in the early 1980s [20, 21] metallic lithium was replaced by lithium insertion materials having a lower standard redox potential than the positive insertion electrode this resulted in a "Li-ion" or "rocking-chair" cell with both negative and positive electrodes capable of reversible lithium insertion (see recommended papers and review papers [7, 10, 22-28]). Various insertion materials have been proposed for the anode of rechargeable lithium batteries,... 

There are two main kinds of rechargeable battery based on lithium chemistry the lithium-metal and the lithium-ion battery. In both the positive electrode is a lithium insertion material the negative in the former is lithium metal and in the latter it is a lithium insertion host. The reason for the application in lithium batteries of insertion electrode materials, which are electronic and ionic conductive solid matrixes (inorganic and carbon-based), is that electrochemical insertion reactions are intrinsically simple and highly reversible. 

To avoid the problems associated with lithium metal, lithium insertion materials (e.g., graphitic carbons) are being investigated as negative electrodes. With respect to lithium metal, the use of negative insertion materials improves the cycle life and safety of the battery but lowers the cell voltage, the theoretical specific capacity, and the charge transfer rate [104]. 

As Figure 14 shows, the combination of two lithium insertion materials (characterized by two different potentials of the lithium insertion process) yields a cell—the so-called rocking chair battery , after Armand [105] and Scrosati et al. [106]—in which during discharge lithium ions are released from the anode and travel through the electrolyte toward the cathode without variation in the composition of the... 

Research has also focused on the study of highly reversible negative lithium insertion materials. Transition metal oxides and chalcogenides, such as M0O2, WO2, and TiS2, if combined with a metal oxide positive electrode material yield cells with low OCV values (ca. 1.5-2 V) [111]. 

Quine, T.E., Duncan, M.J., Armstrong, A.R., Robertson, A.D., and Bruce, P.G., Layered Li ni yNiy02 intercalation electrodes, J. Mater. Chem., 10, 2838, 2000. Ohzuku, T., and Makimura, Y, Layered lithium insertion material of LiNii Mni,202 a possible alternative to LiCo02 for advanced lithium-ion batteries, Chem. Lett., 8, 744, 2001. 

Ohzuku, T. Makimura, Y. Layered lithium insertion material of LiNio.5Mno.5O2 a possible alterative to LiCo02 for advanced lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Lett. 2001, 30, 744. 

Makimura Y, Ohzuku T (2003) Lithium insertion material of LiNii/2Mni/202 for advanced lithium-ion batteaies. J Power Sources 119-121 156-160... 

Kim J-H, Myung S-T, Yoon CS, Oh I-H, Sun Y-K (2004) Effect of Ti substitution of LiNio.sMni 5 xTix04 and their electrochemical properties as lithium insertion material. J Electrochem Soc 15LA1911-A1918... 

Ohzuku T, Makimura Y (2001) Layered lithium insertion material of LiCoi/3Nii/3Mni/302 for lithium-ion batteries. Chem Lett 30 642... 

R-h Zeng, X-p Li, Y-c Qiu et al (2010) Synthesis and properties of a lithium-organie coordination compoimd as lithium-inserted material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochem Commun 12(9) 1253-1256... 

YABUUCHI N, OHZUKU T. Novel lithium insertion material of LiC0i/3Nii/3Mni/3O2 for advanced lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Source. , 2003, 119-121 171-174. 

Background on Electrochemical Energy Storage ll21 Table 36.1 Lithium diffusivity and conductivity of lithium insertion materials. 

Recent Reports of Lithium insertion Materials Made by Sol-Gel Methods... 

Table 36.2 Recent reports of lithium insertion materials made by sol-gel methods.

As demonstrated by the diversity of phosphate materials, the substitution of various anions further extends the range of possible lithium insertion materials. 

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