Lithium rechargeable batteries applications

Due to its high energy density (3,860 mAh/g) and low voltage, lithium is the most attractive metal of the periodic table for battery application. Unfortunately lithium metal, and most of its alloys cannot be used in rechargeable batteries because of their poor cyclability. Therefore, lithium intercalation compounds and reversible alloys are among today s materials of choice for subject application. The most common active materials for the negative electrodes in lithium-ion battery applications are carbonaceous materials. The ability of graphitized carbonaceous materials to... 

Nanbu, N. Hagiyama, K. Takehara, M. Ue, M. Sasaki, Y., Physical and electrolytic properties of difluorinated 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinones and their application to lithium rechargeable batteries. Electrochemistry 2010, 78,450-453. 

Polymer electrolytes have received considerable attentions for higher-performance rechargeable battery applications due to their advantages of safer, lighter, and more flexible in shape compared with their hquid counterparts. Many kinds of polymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), have been widely studied as host polymers for preparation of electrospun fibrous membranes as separators for lithium-ion batteries [19-21]. 

The demand for electrically operated tools or devices that can be handled independently of stationary power sources led to a variety of different battery systems which are chosen depending on the field of application. In the case of rare usage, e.g., for household electric torches or for long-term applications with low current consumption, such as watches or heart pacemakers, primary cells (zinc-carbon, alkaline-manganese or lithium-iodide cells) are chosen. For many applications such as starter batteries in cars, only rechargeable battery systems, e.g., lead accumulators, are reasonable with regard to costs and the environment. 

Lithium metal had few uses until after World War II, when thermonuclear weapons were developed (see Section 17.11). This application has had an effect on the molar mass of lithium. Because only lithium-6 could be used in these weapons, the proportion of lithium-7 and, as a result, the molar mass of commercially available lithium has increased. A growing application of lithium is in the rechargeable lithium-ion battery. Because lithium has the most negative standard potential of all the elements, it can produce a high potential when used in a galvanic cell. Furthermore, because lithium has such a low density, lithium-ion batteries are light. 

Lithium polymer electrolytes formed by dissolving a lithium salt LiX (where X is preferably a large soft anion) in poly(ethylene oxide) PEO can find useful application as separators in lithium rechargeable polymer batteries.Thin films must be used due to the relatively high ionic resistivity of these polymers. For example, the lithium-ion conductivity of PEO—Li salt complexes at 100 °C is still only about Viooth the conductivity of a typical aqueous solution. 

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