Lithium rechargeable batteries characteristics

Nanbu, N. Watanabe, S. Takehara, M. Ue, M. Sasaki, Y., Electrolytic characteristics of fluoromethyl methyl carbonate for lithium rechargeable batteries, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2009, 625, 7-15. 

Suzuki K, lijima T, Wakihara M, Electrode characteristics of pitch-based carbon fiber as an anode in lithium rechargeable battery, Electrochimica Acta, 44(13), 2185-2191, 1999. 

T. lijima, K. Suzuki, and Y. Matsuda [1995] Electrodic characteristics of various carbon materials for lithium rechargeable batteries. Synthetic Metals, 731, 9-20. 

A number of factors have to be considered in the choice of the intercalation compound, such as reversibility of the intercalation reaction, cell voltage, variation of the voltage with the state of charge, and availability and cost of the compound. Table 34.5 lists the key requirements for the intercalation materials and Table 34.6 presents some of the characteristics of the intercalation and other compounds that have been used in lithium rechargeable batteries. The electrochemical potentials of several lithium intercalation compounds versus those of lithium, metal and the variation of voltage with the amount of intercalation are shown in Fig. 34.2. 

A number of different battery systems have been investigated for the development of lithium rechargeable batteries in order to achieve the high specific energy and charge retention that lithium batteries can offer without sacrificing other important characteristics, such as specific power and cycle hfe, while maintaining safe and reliable operation. These approaches are summarized in Fig. 34.1. 

Imanishi N, Yamamoto O (2014) Rechargeable lithium-air batteries characteristics and prospects. Mater Today 17 24—30... 

Sony s Introduction of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery in the early 1990s precipitated a need for new separators that provided not only good mechanical and electrical properties but also added safety through a thermal shutdown mechanism. Although a variety of separators (e.g., cellulose, nonwoven fabric, etc.) have been used in different type of batteries, various studies on separators for lithium-ion batteries have been pursued in past few years as separators for lithium-ion batteries require different characteristics than separators used in conventional batteries. 

LiVMoOe was successfully synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method, and its chemical and physical properties were examined by several analytical methods. We have shown that LiVMoOe does not possess good structural characteristics for a lithium half cell (Li/LiVMoOe) as a cathode in non-aqueous electrolyte environment. Furthermore, we suggest that LiVMoOe may instead be considered as an anode material of choice for developing rechargeable lithium-ion battery technology. 

Since portable computers have unique characteristics as a result of the portability, they have unique accessories as well. First of all, portable computers can use either of two power sources batteries or AC power. There are many different sizes and shapes of batteries, but most of them are either Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad), Lithium Ion, or Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH). All of these perform equally well as batteries, but NiCad batteries can only be recharged a finite number of times. After a time, they develop a memory and must be recharged on a special deep charging machine. NiMH and Lithium Ion batteries don t normally develop a memory and can be recharged many times, but they re a little more expensive. 

Size, weight, capacity, and power density are the primary selection considerations for batteries in externally powered prosthetic design applications. The most popular types of rechargeable batteries in use in prosthetics today are nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion). Li-ion is fast becoming the chemistry of choice because of its high capacity-to-size (weight) ratio and low self-discharge characteristic. 

The battery characteristic deteriorates when the rechargeable lithium-ion battery is contaminated with water. Naturally, it is desired that the water content in LiCoO used as the positive electrode-active material be controlled below a certain value. Moreover, currently a further decrease in the water content level is demanded by our customers. Although it may be considered that there is no problan because there is a process to make a slurry of the positive electrode-active material and to dry it, it is known that the water in LiCoO consists of both physical adsorption and chemisorptions. Because the water, which has been chemically adsorbed, cannot be removed during this drying temperature, it is important to stop the inclusion of moisture from the manufacturing process. 

Lithium-ion batteries have been commercially available for over 2 decades and currently represent state-of-the-art power source for all modem consumer electronic devices. Due to its advanced chemistry, Li-ion cells exhibit superior performance characteristics over most other rechargeable battery systems. The lithium-ion technology offers a high energy and power density, long life, and reliability that makes it attractive for electric drive vehicle (EDV), military, and aerospace fields, and large format Li-ion cells and battery packs are currently under development for such applications. 

The advantage of the battery is that lithium has the most negative standard reduction potential valne (see Table 13.1). Furthermore, lithium is the lightest metal, so that only 6.941 g of Li (its molar mass) is needed to produce 1 mole of electrons. A lithium-ion battery can be recharged literally hundreds of times without deterioration. These desirable characteristics make it suitable for use in cellular telephones, digital cameras, and laptop computers. 

Since 2001, Ni-Cd and Ni-MH rechargeable batteries have kept at an almost-constant market share. But since 2005, among the nonaqueous batteries, lithium-based batteries have been receiving the most attention. Particularly, laminated Li batteries are in great demand for commercial applications and increasingly are being sold in the market. Characteristics of some nonaqueous batteries best suited for commercial applications are shown in Table 1.7. 

Studies performed by the author on various types of rechargeable batteries for EVs and HEVs reveal that lithium-based batteries are widely used by various manufacturers. The most widely used rechargeable batteries include Li-ion-manganese-dioxide, Li-ion-iron phosphate, Li-ion-sulfide, and Li-ion-polymer. Performance capabilities and other important characteristics of these batteries are described in great detail in this section, with a particular emphasis on energy density, selfdischarge rate, longevity, and power density. 

The LiMnOj battery is the most popular lithium battery, and it is produced worldwide by more than 14 manufacturers. The battery cells are available in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and capacities. Types of construction features for this battery include coin shape, cylindrical bobbin, cylindrical wound, cylindrical D cell configuration, and prismatic feature. Performance characteristics of commercially available LiMn204 rechargeable batteries are summarized in Table 8.2. 

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