Rechargeable lithium batteries types

There have been a number of attempts to produce commercial lithium rechargeable batteries. The V205 positive is currently used by the Matsushita Battery Industrial Co in Japan for the production of small capacity, coin-type cells. Fig. 7.24 shows a cross-section of one prototype. For the construction of the battery, V205 and carbon black are mixed together with a binder, moulded and vacuum-dried to form the positive electrode pellet. A solution of LiBF4 in a propylene carbonate-y-butyrolactone-1,2-dimethoxyethane mixture absorbed in a polypropylene separator is used as the electrolyte. 

While the development of primary cells with a lithium anode has been crowned by relatively fast success and such cells have filled their secure rank as power sources for portable devices for public and special purposes, the history of development of lithium rechargeable batteries was full of drama. Generally, the chemistry of secondary batteries in aprotic electrolytes is very close to the chemistry of primary ones. The same processes occur under discharge in both types of batteries anodic dissolution of lithium on the negative electrode and cathodic lithium insertion into the crystalline lattice of the positive electrode material. Electrode processes must occur in the reverse direction under charge of the secondary battery with a negative electrode of metallic lithium. Already at the end of the 1970s, positive electrode materials were found, on which cathodic insertion and anodic extraction of lithium occur practically reversibly. Examples of such compounds are titanium and molybdenum disulfides. 

Tucker M, Doeff M, Richardson T, Finones R, Caims E, Rermer J (2002) Hyperfine fields at the Li site in LiFeP04-type olivine materials for lithium rechargeable batteries a Li-7 MAS NMR and SQUID study. J Am Chem Soc 124(15) 3832-3833... 

The different types of lithium rechargeable batteries identified in Fig. 34.1 can be classified conveniently into five categories ... 

FIGURE 34.45 Discharge characteristics of carbon-lithium rechargeable coin-type battery (CL2020 size) (a) discharge at 20°C, (b) discharge at 10 kfl. (From Panasonic Division of Matsushita Electric Corp. of America.)... 

Sony s Introduction of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery in the early 1990s precipitated a need for new separators that provided not only good mechanical and electrical properties but also added safety through a thermal shutdown mechanism. Although a variety of separators (e.g., cellulose, nonwoven fabric, etc.) have been used in different type of batteries, various studies on separators for lithium-ion batteries have been pursued in past few years as separators for lithium-ion batteries require different characteristics than separators used in conventional batteries. 

ZnO displays similar redox and alloying chemistry to the tin oxides on Li insertion [353]. Therefore, it may be an interesting network modifier for tin oxides. Also, ZnSnOs was proposed as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries [354]. It was prepared as the amorphous product by pyrolysis of ZnSn(OH)6. The reversible capacity of the ZnSn03 electrode was found to be more than 0.8 Ah/g. Zhao and Cao [356] studied antimony-zinc alloy as a potential material for such batteries. Also, zinc-graphite composite was investigated [357] as a candidate for an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Zinc parhcles were deposited mainly onto graphite surfaces. Also, zinc-polyaniline batteries were developed [358]. The authors examined the parameters that affect the life cycle of such batteries. They found that Zn passivahon is the main factor of the life cycle of zinc-polyaniline batteries. In recent times [359], zinc-poly(anihne-co-o-aminophenol) rechargeable battery was also studied. Other types of batteries based on zinc were of some interest [360]. 

As shown in Table 9, another class of Li batteries includes inorganic solutions in which the solvent may be S02 or S0C12 and in which the electrolyte is LiAlCl4. In these batteries the solvents are also the cathode active material. Another type of Li battery, which is very important because of properties such as high cycle life, rechargeability, and improved safety, is the lithium ion battery. 

A wide variety of carbonaceous materials can intercalate or insert lithium reversibly and thus may be candidates for anodes for lithium ion batteries. In recent years, many types of carbons have been tested as alternative anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries, part of which have found use as anodes in practical, commercial lithium ion batteries. The most straightforward way of classifying these electrodes is according to the type of the carbon, which determines their capacity and basic electrochemical behavior. The major types of carbons tested in recent years as anode materials for Li ion batteries are listed below ... 

Many types of rechargeable batteries have been developed as portable power sources for small electronic devices, such as watch, calculator, video camera, computer and so on. Lead-acid battery, Ni-Cd battery, Ni-Metal hydride battery, and lithium battery are well known and used in some portable electronic devices. Lithium batteries are the most attractive with regard to energy density or power density. Recently, a new rechargeable lithium battery, that is a so-called Lithium Ion Battery , was proposed by Sony Company [5]. In this battery, carbon materials... 

In this section, attention will be focused on the rechargeable lithium ion batteries that are now commonplace, and power many types of portable electronic device. Nonetheless, research in this area remains extensive, as demonstrated by the numerous reports and reviews that have appeared during the past few years [100-106] (see also Chapters 5 and 7). The current research can be grouped into three broad categories (i) to acquire an understanding ofthe fundamental mechanisms observed in lithium ion batteries (ii) the exploration of new and improved materials for both the electrode and electrolyte components of the batteries and (iii) the investigation of new and improved routes for the fabrication of battery materials. Nanoionic materials have roles to play in all three categories, and examples of each will be briefly discussed here. 

In contrast to primary batteries, a secondary, or rechargeable, battery is recharged when it runs down by supplying electrical energy to reverse the cell reaction and re-form reactant. In other words, in this type of battery, the voltaic cells are periodically converted to electrolytic cells to restore nonequilibrium concentrations of the cell components. By far the most widely used secondary battery is the common car battery. Two newer types are the nickel-metal hydride battery and the lithium-ion battery. 

As seen in the previous section there are numerous types of lithium batteries. In this section, we shall look at the generic hazards of primary (with liquid or solid cathode) and rechargeable batteries. There is much controversy over the reactivity of several individual chemistry types. It is the authors opinion that there are inherent hazards associated with any battery type or energy source and in most situations the hazards and size are directly related. In a similar scenario, lithium batteries in general cannot be categorized into being more or less hazardous than any other chemistry without knowing the exact type and size of the systems to be compared. 

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