Lithium rechargeable batteries electrochemical systems

The basic thermodynamic and electrochemical kinetic concepts involved in batteries and the parameters used to evaluate their performance are summarized in Section 2.2. The most widespread primary and rechargeable systems are described by highlighting the most recent advances in Section 2.3. Supercapacitors and fuel cells, whose importance in the field of energy conversion is growing, are also briefly treated in this section. The lithium-based rechargeable systems, the most advanced batteries with the highest performance, are discussed in detail in Section 2.4, with particular emphasis on the new materials on which these batteries are based. 

Thackeray MM, de Kock A, Rossouw MH, Liles D, Bittihn R, Hoge D (1992) Spinel electrodes from the Li-Mn-O system for rechargeable lithium battery applications. J Electrochem Soc 139 363-366... 

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