Non-rechargeable lithium batteries

The LIB mainly consists of three parts, positive electrode (or anode), negative electrode (or cathode), and separator which is placed between the two electrodes, as shown in Fig. 4.1. The LIBs usually use an intercalated lithium compound as the electrode material, which is different from the metallic lithium used in the non-rechargeable lithium battery. During discharge (Fig. 4.1b), lithium ions (Li+) carry... 

L. A. Dominey, Novel Stable, Non-complexing Anions for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries, Covalent Associates, Inc., Woburn, MA NSF Grant ISI8660048, Prepared for National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1987. 

A traditional rechargeable lithium battery uses a Li anode, a solid cathode (e.g. thermally treated MnOa) and a non-aqueous solution based on a Li salt dissolved in aprotic solvents. Today, the only commercial batteries of this type are the small Li/Mn02 coin cells developed at Sanyo. Research on alternative batteries with sulphur cathodes (normally as organic sulphides) is in progress. 

C. CapigUa, Y. Saito, H. Kageyama, P. MustareUi, T. Iwamoto, T. Tabuchi, H. Tukamoto, J. Power Sources 1999, 81-82, 859-862. Li and E diffusion coefficients and thermeil properties of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions for rechargeable lithium batteries. 

Huanyu, M., Polymerizable aromatic additives for overcharge protection in non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries-, US patent 5,879,834 (NEC MoU Energy (Canada) Ltd.) 1997 (applied in 1995). 

Huanyu, M. Stanlay, D., Non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery JP Patent 3,575,735 (NEC Moli Energy (Crmada) Ltd.) 1998 (applied in 1997). 

LiVMoOe was successfully synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method, and its chemical and physical properties were examined by several analytical methods. We have shown that LiVMoOe does not possess good structural characteristics for a lithium half cell (Li/LiVMoOe) as a cathode in non-aqueous electrolyte environment. Furthermore, we suggest that LiVMoOe may instead be considered as an anode material of choice for developing rechargeable lithium-ion battery technology. 

Cover illustration A Li cation solvated by four tetrahedrally disposed acetonitrile molecules. The Li cation is the principal component of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries found in laptop computers and cell phones. Acetonitrile is often used as one of the solvents in these batteries. 

Total life cycle analyses may be utilized to establish the relative environmental and human health impacts of battery systems over their entire lifetime, from the production of the raw materials to the ultimate disposal of the spent battery. The three most important factors determining the total life cycle impact appear to be battery composition, battery performance, and the degree to which spent batteries are recycled after their useful lifetime. This assessment examines both rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries, and includes lead acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, carbon zinc and alkaline manganese batteries. 

Within the field of rechargeable non-aqueous lithium-air batteries, the use of metallic foam also has been proposed. A sponge-like epsilon-Mn02 nanostructure was obtained by direct growth of epsilon-Mn02 on Ni foam through an electrodeposition method [82]. The observed improvement of the electrochemistry was associated with the 3D nanoporous structures, oxygen defects and the absence of side reactions related to conductive additives and binders. 

Metallic lithium has first been applied to primary batteries (non-rechargeable batteries), but it has not been applicable to secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries) up to now. During recharging of the lithium secondary battery, lithium metal tends to deposit as dendrites on the lithium surface. This lithium metal dendrites build up until they eventually cause an internal short circuit in the battery. Consequently, this often leads to a lire accident, as the battery continues to heat up. 

Lithium Primary Cells, Liquid Cathodes, Table 1 (MIL-PRF-49,47F) US military lithium/sulfiir dioxide non-rechargeable batteries ... 

New batteries use lithium anodes and different types of cathode. Primary cells, non-rechargeable, have been commercially available since 1990. They are used in watches, cameras, microcomputers, implanted pacemakers and similar applications. They are also used in different missile programs. Lithium primary cells are characterized... 

---