Mechanical Properties Selected Literature Data

Based on factors such as cast, mechanical properties, physical properties, ease of fabrication (design) and the corrosion resistance data available in the literature the choice of materials can lead to a short list of two or three materials. At this stage it is prudent that the engineer design prototype laboratory scale model equipment from the short-list of selected metals or alloys, and determine the corrosion rates in the environment of interest. These accelerated tests will enable the engineer to select the best candidate material, making proper allowance for the corrosion of the metal or alloy over the lifetime of the equipment. 

The literature published on fracture mechanics testing of FRPs in the last 40 years comprises a large database on delamination resistance or fracture toughness of different types of FRPs. An early review [51] compiled the data available at that time. Selected data from quasi-static mode I and mode II tests on FRPs were compared by O Brien [52], and quasi-static mode I test data from carbon—fibre epoxy and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) by Brunner [53]. Mechanical properties of FRP composites are compiled in the Composite Materials Handbook version F (2002) [9—11], but this does not comprise fracture mechanics data. Hence, there is no comprehensive and up-to-date database on the available data or literature. 

Commercial literature usually contains some data on mechanical properties of test formulations. This information is frequently not very useful because it refers to a simple formulation (very different from real industrial formulations). The commercial data are determined for formulations freely selected by manufacturers and therefore cannot be compared between different manufacturers. Finally, these results are not presented in fundamental form which may guide the user in the selection of plasticizers for Ms needs. Open literature usually offers information " aiming at analysis of reasons for the observed behavior of materials but the number of pubhshed studies is limited by interest and resources. 

Hard materials are used as thin hard coatings of some microns thickness for wear protection of tools and machine parts because of their high abrasive wear resistance. For the selection of the coating material the physical, mechanical, and technological properites of these coatings, required by the application, are decisive. The following data collection presents fundamental and available material properties for approximately 130 hard materials as a result of a literature search on carbides, nitrides, borides, silicides, and oxides. 

Since hydrogenation is not carried to completion there is considerable scope for isomerization to occur. The mechanism by which this takes place has been described by Allen and Kiess (1955). They indicate that selective conditions tend to favor isomer formation. Both positional and geometric isomers are formed. In positional isomers, double bonds have wandered from their original position along the fatty acid carbon chain in geometric isomers the position of groups attached to carbon atoms have changed relative to each other in space from the natural cis to trans. Recently the nutritional properties of isomeric fatty acids have been questioned. Applewhite (1981) in a literature review has concluded that this concern is not substantiated by the available data. 

To facilitate the research and development of aliphatic PEMs, this chapter gives a comprehensive overview of several decades of development and recent trends in the material selection, design and synthesis, characterizations, their conduction property and water absorption behavior, conduction mechanisms and chemical stability, as well as their possible applications in fuel cells, Zn-air batteries, and rechargeable Ni-MH batteries and even in carbon dioxide electroreduction. Various aliphatic PEMs explored and reported in the literature and their modification techniques are summarized. Challenges and perspectives are presented in depth with respect to membrane conductivity and stability. Some typical aliphatic PEMs and their associated data from material selection, synthesis, characterization, and applications are also summarized and presented to help readers quickly locate the information they are looking for. 

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