Activation agreement with literature data

GL 17] ]R 12] ]P 16] The initial reaction rates were close to 0.01 mol min per reaction channel without prior activation of the catalyst [36]. This is in agreement with literature data on intrinsic kinetics. 

C and 4 h for Raney catalysts. Due to lower reducibility and stronger interaction of Co- and Ni-oxides with alumina, 10 wt % metal was used. Despite the higher metal content of these catalysts they were less active than the alumina supported noble metals and their selectivity to RNH2 was lower than that of Ru. The selectivity pattern on noble metals was in good agreement with literature data [1,4],... 

Figure 5 shows predicted zero-conversion rate constants for C5 through C8 n-paraffins. Also shown are fc-values extrapolated from low conversion literature data (15,31-35). The correlation is seen to be in good agreement with literature data. The temperature dependence is well captured by the constant activation energy of 55,000 cal/g-mol. Figure 6... 

Fig. 2 depicts the variation of conversion and selectivity with the V/Mo ratio. The conversion of propane increased with V-loading, which is in agreement with previous reports indicating the role of V-sites in alkane activation [11]. However, the selectivity in acrylonitrile had a maximum for a V/Mo ratio of 0.3. This is also in agreement with literature data [11]. An excess of vanadium has been described as detrimental for the ammoxidation of propane because it promotes the conversion of ammonia to nitrogen and decreases the concentration of surface nitrogen species required for the acrylonitrile formation... 

The authors of this review have found that the origin, composition and treatments of CuO-ZnO-AhOa commercial and laboratory-made catalysts strongly affected their phase composition and average crystallite sizes of CuO in the oxide form and Cu in the reduced form of catalysts, respectively. Catalytic activity and selectivity data obtained on laboratory-made catalysts suggests that co-precipitation provides intimate contact between copper and zinc resulting in the formation Cu -Cu ensembles sites that are active in the hydrogenolysis of fatty esters to alcohol. In agreement with literature data ZnO may play a role in the formation and stabilization of metal ion-metal nanoparticle ensemble sites. 

The hydrogenation of a-methylstyrene was investigated to demonstrate the performance of a mini packed bed microreactor with a palladium catalyst supported on activated carbon [156]. The microreactor was operated at 50 °C and conversions from 20% to 100% were measured. It was determined that the reaction is first order for hydrogen and zero order for a-methylstyrene. Initial reaction rates were close to O.Olmol/min per reaction channel and were achieved without additional activation of the catalyst. This is in agreement with literature data on intrinsic kinetics. 

The AFM image of the original activated carbon fiber at magnification of 5 X 5 pm is shown in Fig. 15.1. From this image it is clear that nonmod-ified carbon fiber consists of a thin 7-8 micron diameter fibers composed of microfibrils 400-600 nm. The observed block structure fiber indicates the location of microfibrils along the fiber axis, in good agreement with literature data on the structure of carbon fibers [7]. 

Styrene and NHS active ester repeat units is reacted with the fluorescent dye 1-aminomethyl pyrene. The reaction is schematically depicted in Fig. 21. The monolayer thickness is approximately 42 nm. The active ester content of the copolymer is 30 mol%. A quartz slide is used as substrate. Figure 22 shows theUV/ vis spectrum of the polymer monolayer after extraction. The absorption spectrum of the 1-aminomethyl pyrene is clearly visible. The absorption maximum is located at 340 nm, the maximum of the emission at 376 nm in good agreement with literature data for comparable compounds not attached to a solid surface [60,61]. The substrates show, after deposition of the monolayer, a blue fluorescence if the sample is irradiated with light having a wavelength of 360 nm. 

Stable bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized with a total yield by a microwave assisted eco-friendly method. Both UV-VIS spectroscopy and microscopy data confirmed the formation of bimetalUc nanostractures, in form of core-shell or alloy. Catalytic tests showed results in good agreement with literature data, with a decreased activity for higher silver content. Studies on applying these nanoparticles for the preparation of catalysts supported on polymer and nanotube are underway. Moreover, this synthesis technique will be extended to the preparation of other bimetallic nanoclusters. 

The results obtained from the kinetic determination are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3. Experimental values and the results from nth order kinetics are shown in Fig. 4. Taken into account the wide span of (79 kJ/mol -359.5 kJ/mol and n (O-l) reported in the literature the results reported in this study is found to be within a relatively narrow range. Our results are in general agreement with the data shown in Table I (205,6-233.1 vs. 189-260 kJ/mol and, 0.36-0.59 vs. 0.38-0.89 respectively). Miura , in his review, reported activation energies for coal chars in the range 190-210 kJ/mol. 

Abstract Infrared spectroscopic methodsfor the measurement of adsorption and adsorption kinetics of some aromatics (benzene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene), pyridine, and paraffins in solid microporous materials such as zeolites (MOR, ZSM-5, silicalite-1) are described as well as the evaluation of the spectroscopically obtained data. The adsorption isotherms are of the Langmuir-Freundlich type. Isosteric heats of adsorption, transport diffusivities, and activation energies of diffusion as deduced from the spectroscopic measurements are compared with literature data as far as available, and they are found to be in reasonable agreement with results provided by independent techniques. Special attention is paid to sorption and sorption kinetics of binary mixtures, especially the problems of co- and counter-diffusion. ... 

Hydrolytic reactions are slow for most of the chlorinated pesticides. Wolfe etal. (1977) estimated the hydrolytic half-lives of DDD, DDE, and DDT from rate constants calculated from structure-activity relationship and literature data. The estimated values are in good agreement with the experimental findings with distilled water or in raw river water (Eichelberger and Lichtenberg, 1971). DDE is resistant to hydrolysis since it is the end product in the hydrolysis of DDT between pH 3-11. The second-order rate constant for the hydroxide ion-catalyzed hydrolysis of DDT at pH 9 is 9.9 X 10 M sec , which corresponds to a half-life of 81 days. Both isomers of endosulfan hydrolyze slowly at pH 5 with the rate increasing with pH. The data reported by Greve and Wit (1971) were from direct hydrolytic rate measurements, whereas that of Martens (1976) was from one set of data points on controls in biotransformation studies. After 10 days, the loss of endosulfan in controls as a function of pH was as follows ... 

Based on the results at 85°C/80%RH/20V and 95°C/80%RH/20V, which are presented in Fig, 6, the activation energy for the migration process Is 0.15 eV, in agreement with literature values for ionic diffusion (17). The time-to-fail dependence on relative humidity is seen in Fig. 7. which best satisfies the model for an average pore size r = 17.5 nm and a lognormal-distribution a - 1.45. Figure 8 shows the humidity factor versus relative humidity (RH) calculated from the model and how well it agrees with the experimental data and the B.E.T. adsorption isotherm. 

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