Liquids inductively coupled plasma-mass

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Inoue Y, Kawabata K (1993) Speciation of organotin compounds by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography. Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan, 41 (4) 245-251. 

In modern times, most analyses are performed on an analytical instrument for, e.g., gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-violet/visible (UV) or infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass spectrometry. Each of these instruments has a limitation on the amount of an analyte that they can detect. This limitation can be expressed as the IDL, which may be defined as the smallest amount of an analyte that can be reliably detected or differentiated from the background on an instrument. 

Pd removal was determined as follows. An aliquot of a representative liquid or solid sample was accurately weighed and subsequently digested by refluxing in nitric and/or hydrochloric acid using a closed vessel microwave procedure (CEM MARS5 Xpress or Milestone Ethos EZ). Cooled, digested samples were diluted, matrix matched to standards, and referenced to a linear calibration curve for quantitation an internal standard was employed to improve quantitation. All samples were analyzed by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer or ICP/MS (Perkin Elmer SCIEX Elan DRCII) operated in the standard mode. 

Itoh, A., Hamanaka, T., Rong, W., Ikeda, K., Sawatari, H., Chiba, K., and Haraguchi, H., Multielement determination of rare earth elements in geochemical samples by liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Sci., 15, 17, 1999. 

Zheng, J., Kosmus, W., Pichler-Semmelrock, F., and Kock, M., Arsenic speci-ation in human urine reference materials using high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection, /. Trace Elements Med. Biol., 13, 150, 1999. 

Sutton, K. L. and Caruso, J. A., Liquid chromatography—Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, /. Chromatogr. A, 856, 243, 1999. 

R. Trones, Development of Packed Capillary High Temperature Liquid Chromatography Utilizing Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Detection, PhD. Thesis, University of Oslo (1999). 

HPPLC (1) High-pressure planar liquid ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma-mass... 

Measurement techniques that can be employed for the determination of trace metals include atomic absorption spectrometry, anodic stripping voltammetry, differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, liquid chromatography of the metal chelates with ultraviolet-visible absorption and, more recently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 

Creed et al. [68] described a hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method featuring a tubular membrane gas-liquid separator for the determination of down to 100 pg of arsenic in seawater. 

Parts per billion concentrations of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) in seawater have been determined using high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [196]. 

Bloxam et al. [482] used liquid chromatography with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detector in speciation studies on ppt levels of mercury in seawater. 

Techniques for analysis of different mercury species in biological samples and abiotic materials include atomic absorption, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Lansens etal. 1991 Schintu etal. 1992 Porcella etal. 1995). Methylmercury concentrations in marine biological tissues are detected at concentrations as low as 10 pg Hg/kg tissue using graphite furnace sample preparation techniques and atomic absorption spectrometry (Schintu et al. 1992). 

Cremers, D.A. Radziemski, L.J. 2006. Handbook of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscop. J. Wiley Sons, New York Gonzalez, J., Oropeza, D., Mao, X.L., Russo, R.E. 2008. Assessment of the precision and accuracy of thorium (232Th) and uranium (238U) measured by quadrupole based-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry comparison of liquid... 

LC-ICP-MS Liquid chromatography Inductively coupled plasma Mass spectrometry... 

Bednar AJ, Mirecki JE, Inouye LS, Winfield LE, Larson SL, Ringelberg DB. The determination of tungsten, molybdenum, and phosphorus oxyanions by high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 2007 72 1828-1832. 

Yang et al. [83] accomplished speciation of organotin compounds using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. The separation was complete in 6min and detection limits were in the range 2.8-16pg of tin for various species. 

C.B. Hymer and J.A. Caruso, Arsenic and its speciation analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr.A 1045 (2004) 1-14. 

Trones, R., Tangen, A., Lund, W., and Greibrokk, T., Packed capillary high-temperature liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 835(1-2), 105-112, 1999. 

Branch, S., Ebdon, L., and OneUl, P., Determination of arsenic species in fish by directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9(1), 33-37, 1994. 

F. Laborda, J. Medrano and J. R. Castillo, Estimation of the quantification uncertainty from flow injection and liquid chromatography transient signals in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 59(6), 2004, 857-870. 

Kinoshita, K., Shikino, O., Seto, Y. and Raise, T. (2006) Determination of degradation compounds derived from Lewisite by high performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 20(9), 591-96. 

Corcoran, O., Nicholson, J. K., Lenz, E. M., Abou-Shakra, F., Castro-Perez, J., Sage, A. B., and Wilson, I. D. (2000). Directly coupled liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of drug metabolites in urine Application to diclofenac using chlorine and sulfur detection. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14 2377-2384. 

Thompson, J. J. and Houk, R. S., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection for multielement flow injection analysis and elemental speciation by reversed phase liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 58, 2541-2548, 1986. 

Thomas et al. [35] used coupled high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine various forms of arsenic in soil. 

Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have both been combined with the introduction of hydride generation into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation determination of arsenic in soils [36]. 

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