Inductively coupled plasma-gas chromatography

See also Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Liquid Chromatography Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrometry Ionization Methods Overview Electrospray Stable Isotope Ratio. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Fiame Eiectrothermai Vapor Generation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Gas Chromatography Environmental... 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

In modern times, most analyses are performed on an analytical instrument for, e.g., gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-violet/visible (UV) or infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass spectrometry. Each of these instruments has a limitation on the amount of an analyte that they can detect. This limitation can be expressed as the IDL, which may be defined as the smallest amount of an analyte that can be reliably detected or differentiated from the background on an instrument. 

Tao et al. [912] preconcentrated tin by derivatisation, followed by gas chromatography - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Down to 0.00001 ng/1 tin could be determined in seawater. 

It has been reported that the differential determination of arsenic [36-41] and also antimony [42,43] is possible by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The HGA-AS is a simple and sensitive method for the determination of elements which form gaseous hydrides [35,44-47] and mg/1 levels of these elements can be determined with high precision by this method. This technique has also been applied to analyses of various samples, utilising automated methods [48-50] and combining various kinds of detection methods, such as gas chromatography [51], atomic fluorescence spectrometry [52,53], and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry [47]. 

Techniques for analysis of different mercury species in biological samples and abiotic materials include atomic absorption, cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Lansens etal. 1991 Schintu etal. 1992 Porcella etal. 1995). Methylmercury concentrations in marine biological tissues are detected at concentrations as low as 10 pg Hg/kg tissue using graphite furnace sample preparation techniques and atomic absorption spectrometry (Schintu et al. 1992). 

Sample preparation for analysis by hyphenated methods requires some additional planning when compared to nonhyphenated methods. All steps, extraction, concentration, and final solvent selection must take into consideration and be compatible with all the components of the hyphenated instrumentation. For gas chromatographic methods, all the components in the mixture must be in the gaseous state. For liquid chromatography (LC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the samples of the analytes of interest can be solids or liquids, neutral or charged molecules, or ions, but they must be in solution. If the follow-on analysis is by MS, then each of the analytes may require a different method of introduction into the MS. Metals and metal ions may be introduced by HPLC if they are in solution but commonly are introduced via AAS or inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Other analytes may be directly introduced from HPLC to MS [2],... 

Spectrophotometry Flow-injection analysis Gas chromatography Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Miscellaneous... 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

Shah M, Meija J, Cabovska B, Caruso JA (2006) Determination of phosphoric acid triesters in human plasma using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1103 329-336... 

Ebdon, L., Evans, E. H., Pretorius, W. G., and Rowland, S. J., Analysis of geoporphyrins by high-temperature gas-chromatography inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid-chromatography inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9(9), 939-943, 1994. 

Other frequently used methods for determining fluoride include ion and gas chromatography [150,204,205] and aluminium monofluoride (AIF) molecular absorption spectrometry [206,207]. Less frequently employed methods include enzymatic [208], catalytic [209], polarographic [210] and voltammetric methods [211], helium microwave-induced [212] or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [213], electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [214], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [215], radioactivation [216], proton-induced gamma emission [217], near-infrared spectroscopy [218] and neutron activation analysis [219]. 

S. Aguerre, C. Pecheyran, G. Lespes, E. Krupp, O. F. X. Donard and M. Potin-Gautier, Optimisation of the hyphenation between solid-phase microextraction, capillary gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the routine speciation of organotin compounds in the environment, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(12), 2001, 1429-1433. 

S. Aguerre, C. Pecheyran and G. Lespes, Validation, using a chemometric approach, of gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (GC-ICP-AES) for organotin determination, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376(2), 2003, 226-235. 

The extremely sensitive inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer was described in Section 21-6. Figure 24-23 shows 15 pesticides measured by gas chromatography— inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Eluate was atomized and ionized in the plasma. Ions were measured by a mass spectrometer that could monitor any set of mlz values. The figure shows traces for P, S, I Cl, or Br. 

FigurB 24-23 Extracted element chromatograms produced by gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Each trace responds to just one element. [From D. Protrock.

Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have both been combined with the introduction of hydride generation into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation determination of arsenic in soils [36]. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [75], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [76], gas chro-... 

Tin is readily measured in multielement analyses of air, water, and solid waste samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. For individual analyses of tin, direct aspiration atomic absorption spectroscopy is usually used. Organotin can be extracted from environmental samples and determined by atomic spectrometric methods or gas chromatography, usually after derivatization. 

AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GC/FID = gas chromatography/f1ame ignition detector GC/FPD = gas chromatography/f1ame photometric detector ICP/AES = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP/MS = inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection... 

AMS = accelerated mass spectroscopy FAAS = flame atomic absorption spectrometry GC/ED = gas chromatography/electron capture detector GFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES = inductively couples plasma-atomic absorption spectrometry NA = not applicable NAA = neutron activation analysis... 

Chong, N.S. and Houk, R.S. (1987) Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for elemental analysis and isotope ratio determination in individual organic compounds separated by gas chromatography. Appl. Spectrosc., 41, 66-74. 

Gallus, S.M. and Heumann, K.G. (1996) Development of gas-chromatography inductively-coupled plasma isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry system for accurate determination of volatile element species. 1. Selenium speciation./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11, 887-892. 

Heisterkamp, M., DeSmaele, T., Candelone, J.E, Moens, L., Dams, R. and Adam, F.C. (1997) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry hyphenated to capillary gas chromatography as a detection system for the speciation of organolead compounds in environmental waters./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 1077-1081. 

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