Satellites batteries for

The following paragraphs will present cell designs, life tests, battery design and management, qualification plans, models and flight heritage for each of the main suppliers of Li-ion batteries for satellite applications. 

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO), Japan, has started to develop large-scale Li-ion batteries for satellite systems since 1998, using large formatted cells. After the first flight in 2003 of an experimental satellite, named Sends-1 , over 100 battery modules have been provided not only to the MELCO standard satellite platform DS2000 series but also to the US companies, middle Asian and European countries, and had been launched successfully in LEO and GEO satellites and space transportation vehicles for the International Space Station (ISS). 

In a study to evaluate the capabilities of silver-cadmium batteries for satellite applications, an extensive test program was mn on three-cell, 3-Ah silver-cadmium batteries at various depths of discharge. These results are summarized in Table 33.5, showing the increase in cycle life with decreasing depth of discharge. Another study on 250 Ampere-hour silver-zinc cells, cycled at less than 1% depth of discharge, with 14 full-capacity cycles, resulted in a cycle life of 7280 cycles over a 38-month period. ... 

Evaluation of Silver-Cadmium Batteries for Satellite Applications, Boeing Co., Test D2-90023, Feb. 1962. 

Very hard, steel-gray metal. Hardens platinum. The International Prototype Meter in Paris consists of a Pt-Ir alloy. Its hardness and corrosion resistance is exploited in fountain-pen tips, spark plugs in powerful engines (airplanes), and electrical contacts. Used as a material in shells for nuclide batteries in satellites. Responsible for the iridescent properties of vapor-treated sunglasses. 

The only lanthanide of which there is no stable isotope — they all decompose with half-lives between 2.6 and 17.7 years. Strong beta-emitters that are used industrially as thickness gauges. Also suitable as an additive for fluorescent materials. Produced artificially in kg amounts and serves as an energy provider for satellites in radionucleide batteries. Tiny batteries are long-term energy sources for pacemakers. 

Silvery, artificial element generated by beta decay from a plutonium isotope (239Pu). Chemically similar to gadolinium. Like Eu and Gd, Am and Cm are difficult to separate. It can be produced in kilogram amounts. The most common isotope is 244Cm with a half-life of 18.1 years. Is used for thermoelectric nuclide batteries in satellites and pacemakers. It is strongly radioactive and hence also suitable for material analysis. 

Satellites - [ALUMINUMAND ALUMINUM ALLOYS] (Vol 2) -batteries for [BATTERIES - SECOND ARYCELLS - ALKALINE] (Vol 3) -hydrazine fuel for [HYDRAZINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES] (Vol 13) -infrared remote sensing from [INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - INFRAREDTECHNOLOGY] (Vol 14) -synthetic quartz crystals for [SILICA - SYNTHETIC QUARTZ CRYSTALS] (Vol 21) -thermoelectric power supplies for [THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION] (Vol 23)... 

The Na S system is expected to provide significant increases in energy density for satellite battery systems. In-housc testing of Na-S cells designed to simulate midaltitude (MAO) and geosynchronous orbits (GEO) demonstrated over 6450 and over 1400 cycles, respectively. 

The latter is used as energy source in radionuclide batteries, for instance in satellites. Ehi is the most important radioclement produced in nuclear reactors. About 9 kg Pu is generated per ton of spent fuel after a burn-up of 35 000 MW d per ton. The main part is - Pu (about 5.3 kg) produced via... 

Many cars today have onboard global positioning system (GPS) navigation devices that can help drivers with street directions some can even display restaurant locations. Satellites rely on batteries for their operation and use solar arrays to recharge the batteries (Figure 9-14). In addition to being helpful to drivers, GPS and communication satellites are crucial to our economy, safety, and national security. 

Likewise, when engineering battery packs for satellites, one does not have the benefit of convection, either forced or natural, as a cooling mechanism. Using our models, we can predict the heat dissipated, and with the addition of finite element software, study the temperature distribution in cells under different cycling protocols and cooling scenarios. 

Since the 60s, Saft is a world leader in the battery market for satellites, having equipped more than 650 satellites for all mission types. Saft is the only space battery company to have mastered the three main electrochemical systems for satellites Ni-Cd, Ni-H2 and Li-ion. Thanks to the synergies with other Li-ion applications, satellite batteries will take... 

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