High-performance liquid atomic absorption spectrometry

Atomic absorption spectrometry with flame (AA-F) or electrothermal atomization furnace (AA-ETA), inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are state-of-the-art analytical techniques used to measure metals in biological fluids. They are specific and sensitive and provide the cfinical laboratory with the capability to measure a broad array of metals at clinically significant concentrations. For example, ICP-MS is used to measure several metals simultaneously. Photometric assays are also available but require large volumes of sample and have limited analytical performance. Spot tests are also... 

In modern times, most analyses are performed on an analytical instrument for, e.g., gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-violet/visible (UV) or infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass spectrometry. Each of these instruments has a limitation on the amount of an analyte that they can detect. This limitation can be expressed as the IDL, which may be defined as the smallest amount of an analyte that can be reliably detected or differentiated from the background on an instrument. 

Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry High Performance Liquid Chromatography High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography High Resolution... 

Lawrence, J.F., Michalik, P., Tam, G. and Conacher, H.B.S. (1986). Identification of arsenobetain and arsenocholine in Canadian fish and shellfish by high-performance liquid chromatography with atomic absorption detection and confirmation by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 315-319. 

M. Grotti, P. Rivaro and R. Frache, Determination of butyltin compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation-electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(3), 2001, 270-274. 

C. Schickling and J. A. C. Broekaert, Determination of mercury species in gas condensates by online coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, Appl. Organo-met. Chem., 9(1), 1995, 29-36. 

AMS = accelerated mass spectroscopy EDTA = ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid GFAAS = graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES = inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy NAA = neutron activation analysis ETAAS = electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry SEC/ICP-MS = size-exclusion chromatography/ICP-AES/mass spectrometry HLPC/ICP-AES = high-performance liquid chromatography/ICP-AES LAMMA = laser ablation microprobe mass analysis NA = not applicable ppq = parts per quadrillion... 

Wrobel K, Gonzalez EB, Wrobel K, et al. 1995. Aluminum and silicon speciation in human serum by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and gel electrophoresis. Analyst 120 809-815. 

Diemer, J. and Heumann, K.G. (1997) Bromide/bromate speciation by NTI-IDMS and ICP-MS coupled with ion exchange chromatography. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 357,74-79. Duan, YX., Wu, M., Jin, Q.H. and Hieftje, G.M. (1995) Vapour generation of nonmetals coupled to microwave plasma-torch mass-spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B, 50,355-368. Ebdon, L., Hill, S. and Jones, R (1987) Interface system for directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography-flame atomic absorption spectrometry for trace metal determination./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2, 205-210. 

Hansen, S.H., Larsen, E.H., Pritzi, G. and Cornett, C. (1992) Separation of seven arsenic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography with on-line detection by hydrogen-argon flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1, 629-634. 

Basic techniques for speciation analysis are typically composed of a succession of analytical steps, e.g. extraction either with organic solvents (e.g. toluene, dichloromethane) or different acids (e.g. acetic or hydrochloric acid), derivatisa-tion procedures (e.g. hydride generation, Grignard reactions), separation (gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)), and detection by a wide variety of methods, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), mass spectrometry (MS), flame photometric detection (FPD), electron capture detection (ECD), etc. Each of these steps includes specific sources of error which have to be evaluated. 

Figure 6.1 Bar-graph of MeHg in CRM 580. The results correspond to six replicate determinations as performed by different laboratories using various methods. MEANS indicates the mean of laboratory means with 95% confidence interval. Abbreviations-. CVAAS, cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry CVAFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry ECD, electron capture detection GC, gas chromatography HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography ICPMS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry MIP, microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry QFAAS, quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry SFE, supercritical fluid extraction.

High, K.A., Azani, R., Fazekas, A.F., Chee, Z.A. and Blais, J.-S. (1992) Thermospray-microatomizer interface for the determination of trace cadmium and cadmium-metallothioneins in biological samples with flow injection- and high-performance liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 64, 3197-3201. 

Momplaisir, G.M., Blais, J.-S., Quinteiro, M. and Marshall, W.D. (1991) Determination of arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium cations in seafoods and human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-thermochemical hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry.J.Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1148-1151. 

Mixtures of R3Sn+ compounds (R= -butyl. phenyl, cyclohexyl) were separated by ion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry [252], The small spread in calibration slopes in Fig. 4.10 signifies similar efficiencies for their separation and column recovery, as well as graphite furnace sensitivities. 

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry has been used for the determination of arsenic species in non saline water samples [265],... 

M. A. Lopez, M. M. Gomez, C. Camara, Determination of six arsenic species by high-performance liquid chromatography - hydride generation - atomic absorption spectrometry with on-line thermo-oxidation, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem, 346 (1993), 643-647. 

K. J. Lamble, S. J. Hill, Arsenic speciation in biological samples by on-line high performance liquid chromatograph microwave digestion hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 334 (1996), 261-270. 

G. Alsing Pedersen, E. H. Larsen, Speciation of four selenium compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 358 (1997), 591-598. 

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL Se AND Se SPECIES IN SEAFOOD BY QUADRUPOLE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY... 

Sarica, D.Y., Turker, A.R., and Erol, E. Onhne speciation and determination of Cr(III) and CrfVt) in drinking and waste water samples by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29,1600-1606. 

---