Leaves extraction

Petkov VD, Cao Y, Todorov I, Lazarova M, Getova D, Stancheva S, Alova L. (1992). Behavioral effects of stem-leaves extract from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 18(2) 41-48. Petkov VD, Getova D, Mosharrof AH. (1987). A study of nootropic drugs for anti-anxiety action. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 13(4) 25-30. 

S2 + ASl is recirculated as reflux to the first extraction column. The leaving extract phase El, containing aromatics and SI, is fed to the second extraction column where it is washed with more S2. The washed organic phase SI is recirculated to the first column, while the extract phase E2, containing aromatics and S2 + ASl, goes to distillation. 

Having the glucoside, we could now determine its concentration in the leaves. Extract samples of varying sizes were subjected to calcium hydroxide treatment, acidification, extraction, and glc quantitation. The amounts of parasorbic acid obtained from the samples are shown in Figure 1 to be proportional to sample size. 

Zgorka and Kawka [356] applied RP-HPLC both with UV detection and fluorometric detection in assessing the phenolic concentration in Eleutherocossus senticosus root preparation whose properties are considered similar to Ginseng. Amaral et al. [357] fnlly characterized the phenolic profile of walnut leaves extract, which is used as a folk medicine. Jnglone (5-hydroxy-l,4-naphtoqninone), which is characteristic of the fresh leaves, was fonnd in very low concentration, due to polymerization phenomena. Therefore, this componnd is nnsuitable for qnality control of this drng. 

CS212 Singh, K. V. and R. K. Pathak. Effect of leaves extracts of some higher plants on spore germination of Ustilago maydes and U. nuda. Fitoterapia 1984 55(5) 318-320. 

V.D. Petkov et al., Behavioral effects of stem-leaves extract from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Acta Physiol. Pharamcol. Bulg., 18, 41, 1992. 

Figure 28-14a shows how a supercritical fluid extraction can be carried out. Pressurized fluid is pumped through a heated extraction vessel. Fluid can be left in contact with the sample for some time or it can be pumped through continuously. At the outlet of the extraction vessel, the fluid flows through a capillary tube to release pressure. Exiting C02 evaporates, leaving extracted analyte in the collection vessel. Alternatively, the C02 can be bubbled through a solvent in the collection vessel to leave a solution of analyte. 

Vinuthan, M.K., Girish Kumara, V., Narayanaswamya, M. and Veena, T. (2007) Lipid lowering effect of aqueous leaves extract of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) on alloxan-induced male diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3(10), 112-115. 

Sharma, S.K., Mudhoo, A., Jain, G., and Khamis, E. 2009c. Corrosion inhibition of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for zinc in H2SO4. Green Chemistry letters and Reviews, 2 47-51. 

F is the same as the rate of feed solvent alone in the raffinate stream R. In like manner, the rate of extraction solvent alone is the same in the entering stream S as in the leaving extract stream E. The ratio of extraction-solvent to feed-solvent flow rates is therefore S /F = E /R. A material balance can be written around the feed end of the extractor down to any stage n (as shown in Fig. 15-22) and then rearranged to a McCabe-Thiele type of operating hne with a slope of F /S ... 

The endpoints of the operating line on an X -Y plot (Fig. 15-23) are the points (X(, Y() and 0Cf, Y() where X and Y are the mass ratios for solute in the feed phase and extract phase, respectively, and subscripts /, r, s, and e denote the feed, raffinate, entering extraction solvent, and leaving extract streams. The number of theoretical stages can then be stepped off graphically as illustrated in Fig. 15-23. 

Saijo, R. and Takeo, T. 1970. Formation of aldehydes from amino acids by tea leaves extracts. Agric. Biol. Chem. 34 227-33. 

Aloe barbadensis Miller (Liliaceae) sym A. vera L A. vulgaris Lamk Leaves (Saudi Arabia) When Aloe barbadensis leaves extract was administered twice daily orally, reduction in blood glucose level of alloxan diabetic mice was observed. It was observed that hypoglycemic effect of aloes and its bitter principle may be mediated through stimulating synthesis and/ or release of insulin from beta-cells of Langerhans [121],... 

Eucalyptus globulus Labill (Myrtaceae) Leaves (Europe)) Eucalyptus leaves extract retarded the development of streptozotocin diabetes in mice [ 142],... 

The activity anti HIV of olive leaves extract (OLE), as it is known, possesses a high content of oleuropein, has been studied by Lee-Huang et al. [133],... 

Shahriyary, L., and R. Yazdanparast. 2007. Inhibition of blood platelet adhesion, aggregation and secretion by Artemisia dracunculus leaves extracts. /. Ethnopharmacol. 114(2) 194-198. 

Effraim, K.D., T.W. Jacks, and O. Sodipo. 2003. Histopathological studies on the toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leave extract on some organs of rabbit. Afr.. Biomed. Res. 6(l) 21-25. 

Mohammed, A., Y. Tanko, M.A. Okasha, R.A. Magaji, and A.H. Yaro. 2007. Effects of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum on blood glucose levels of streptozocin-induced diabetic lA tar rats. Afr. ). Biotechnol. 6(18) 2087-2090. 

Maichei, E., M. Pellegrini, R. Pacifici, P. Zuccaro, and S. Pichini. 2006. A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of ephedrine alkaloids in dietary supplements by gas chromatography-mass Sf>ectiometry. /. Pharm. Burned. Anal. 41(5) 1633-1641. Medeiros, I.A., M.R. Santos, N.M. Nascimento, and J.C. Duarte. 2006. Cardiovascular effects of Sida cordifolia leaves extract in rats. Fitoterapia 77(l) 19-27. 

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