Life-cycle of products

As air pollution management moves forward, economics has a major role in reducing pollution. Multimedia considerations are forcing a blend of traditional emission reduction approaches and innovative methods for waste minimization. These efforts are directed toward full cost accounting of the life cycle of products and residuals from the manufacturing, use, and ultimate disposal of materials. 

Energy is consumed throughout the life cycle of products and services. Enormous quantities of pollution and waste are generated in its production and consumption. 

Resource efficient syntheses and production processes of fine chemicals contribute significantly to sustainable development. This has also been pointed out in Agenda 21 Promote efficient use of materials and resources, taking into account the life cycles of products, in order to realize the economic and environmental benefits of using resources more efficiently and producing fewer wastes (Agenda 21, Chapter 9.18). 

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) defines cleaner production as the conceptual and procedural approach to production that demands that all phases of the life-cycle of products must be addressed with the objective of the prevention or minimization of short- and long-term risks to humans and the environment. A total societal commitment is required for effecting this comprehensive approach to achieving the goal of sustainable societies. 9... 

The experience collected with hazardous compounds in waste shall be compared with the problem of scarce resources in waste using well-known examples. The comparison must be extended to other phases of the life cycle of products, because waste management is only a part of substance chain management. The instruments used for the management of hazardous chemicals will be analyzed using some examples to answer the question if they could also be useful for scarce resources. 

Additives which are potentially dangerous adding toxic emissions to the environment have to be taken seriously as a part of the life cycle of products. 

Given that end-of-pipe approaches cannot be considered long-term solutions, it is profitable to shift the focus to beginning-of-pipe approaches, that is, the molecules of APIs themselves. With the advent of green and sustainable chemistry, and more recently sustainable pharmacy, the idea of obtaining utility out of the whole life-cycle of products and of molecules is advocated [80-83]. 

The extent of additional toxicology studies depends on where in the phase of clinical development or the life cycle of product the change is made, the... 

The dynamic aspects related to CAPE applications result from the earlier needs of process control to run the processes in unsteady state and control them, as well as from new requirements like the shortening of the life cycle of products or management of abnormal situations. 

The following subsections will focus on the environmental assessment along the life cycle of products. Some aspects of cost aspects and social sustainability will briefly be addressed as well. Especially regarding social aspects, several approaches have aheady been presented by different research groups. However, methods are still under development. It can be expected that reliable life cycle decision support in social working environment issues will be available and practice-proven from about 2010 or 2011 onwards. 

Environmental improvement potential of new technical solutions is quantified within complete life cycle of products by scenario simulation (specific weak-points known new technologies)... 

Similarly as LCE, LCS offers consistent decision support in a large variety of tasks, involving environmental, cost, and social implications along the life cycle of products. Again, the specific application of the approach depends on the product or process in question and many boundary conditions. 

The manufacturing processes need to take a holistic view of tlie total life cycle of products including tlieh manufactme and disposal (from factory and from patient). Tlie choice of chual syntheses, metabolically engineered cells, microreactors for optimized processes, and medical devices designed for function and recycling (and manufacturability) are key considerations to be applied early in the development process. 

Innovation is crucial for the survival of industries with short time scales (or life cycles) of products/processes, i.e., a short half-life (less than one year. 

The third phase of the paradigm change involves the design of products and planning of production to ensure that sustainability principles will be adhered to throughout the value chain. The same has to be demanded of the suppliers as well as the fabricators or distributors who interface with the corporate value chain. The entire life cycle of products from cradle to cradle will then be re-examined not only in terms of profitability but also from environmental and social perspectives. ReaUstic end-of-life... 

Statistical values can also be used to determine expected periods of optimum performance in the life cycle of products, systems, hardware, or equipment. For example, if the life cycle of humans were plotted on a curve, the period of their lives that may be considered most useful, in terms of productivity and success, could be represented as shown in Figure 5.4. This plotted curve is often referred to as the bathtub curve because of its obvious shape. A similar curve can be used to determine the most productive period of a product s life cycle according to the five known phases of that life cycle, as discussed in Chapter 3. The resultant curve, known as a product s reliability curvey would resemble the curve that appears in Figure 5.5. During the breakin period, failures in the system may occur more frequently, but decreasingly less frequently as the curve begins to level toward the useful life period. Then, as the system reaches the end of its useful life and approaches wearout, more frequent failure experience is likely until disposal. 

Protection of embedded software is a key components of a holistic protection concept based on systems engineering approach [51] considering the complete security life cycle of products and services starting with requirements and finishing with decommissioning. 

LCA considers the entire life cycle of products or services from raw material acquisition through to production, use and disposal. LCA is a method of assessing products or services and has been proven to be a valuable tool to document the environmental considerations that need to be part of the decision-making process with regards to environmental sustainability [20]. 

Validation has to be planned, implemented and maintained in the total life cycle of products, premises, equipment and systems. A systematic approach targeted at local cmiditions is mandatory and it is recommended to document this approach in a so-cahed validation master plan (VMP) [3, 8]. According to Annex 15 of the GMP validation master plan contains the following subjects ... 

Engineering Tools and Practices Applied throughout the whole life cycle of products or systems. 

Statistical values can also be used to determine expected periods of optimum performance in the life cycle of products, systems, hardware, or equipment. For example, if the life cycle of humans were plotted on a curve, the period of their lives that may be considered most useful in terms of productivity and success. 

Bathtub Curve A graphical representation of the life cycle of products, systems, or individual components in terms of frequency of failures relative to periods of usefulness. In system safety, it is also known as a reliability curve. 

It is recognized that the recycling of textiles is an important factor and the introduction of electronics will present some challenges. Kohler and Som (2013) have pointed out that electronic textiles may result in adverse side effects during the life cycle of products. Conversely, the introduction of radio frequency identification devices into textile structures would aid identification of constituent fibre types and, after removal, lead to more accurate and efficient recycling procedures. 

Figure 1. Life cycle of production of industrial manufacturing (after Ryan Faulconbridge 2014).

On the basis of these new concepts, results may enable reinterpretation of already existing data. We shall have to evaluate these company histories from an independent point of view, not simply based on commemorative writings, and to define a general approach based on socioeconomic aspects, including the history of labour and political movements. There is a need to compare the industry to other industries, on an international scale, and reconstruct the events of a supranational market. We shall have to use and evaluate existing concepts such as professionalization,the life cycles of products, etc., in-depth and critically. And, last but not least, we should not forget the losers of the history of chemical technology, the companies that failed, the people who used to work for these chemical plants, and the small and medium-sized enterprises. 

---