Production life cycle

For starch-Bionolle compound, Bionolle production from succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol corresponded to approximately one-quarter (one-half excluding disposal) of the total life cycle. Production of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol account for about 10% (around 20%, excluding disposal) of the total life cycle. In addition, the starch kneading process accounts for about 5% of the total life cycle. Sea transport for starch account for around 3% of the total life cycle. 

Figure 3.1 identifies the major stages in a solvents life cycle production, transport, use, and disposal. Although there are many opportunities to recycle and reuse solvents they will eventually need to be disposed of as waste. As an example, consider a process which uses tetrahydrofuran (THF). A 1 kg reduction in the amount ofTHF would reduce the CO2 emissions from THF production by about 16kg [3], This reduction in CO2 emissions does not account for the savings in transportation or disposal of excess THF in a process. Therefore, reductions in solvent use by the pharmaceutical industry not only reduce the waste it produces as part of its processes but also the waste that would be generated from the manufacture of additional solvent. 

Instrument vendors generally react positively to this. For example, most vendors develop and validate analytical products following documented product life cycles. Products are shipped with a Declaration of System Validation or similar documents that certify that the specific product was developed and validated following the product life cycle process. Most vendors are also certified for ISO 9001 and some also for ITQS or Ticklt. Some vendors also make further information on development and testing available to the user on special request, and some guarantee accessibility of the source code to regulatory agencies. 

Design changes. Incorporation of environmental elements in the design of a product makes it more resource efficient and sustainable over the life cycle. Product redesign can involve extending the product s life span or enabling it to be completely recycled into a new product. 

Cepolina, S., February 2012. Textile and clothing industry an approach towards sustainable life cycle production. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 3 (1). 

Shorter life cycles. Product complexity will continue to increase. It will be driven by microsegmentation in global markets with shorter product life cycles. 

Customers wanting a "capable" machine at a discounted price Stage 3 (maturity) life-cycle products (older technology, heavily discounted price, valueseeking customers) Functional manufacturing cells focused on efficiency, low-cost distribution network, supplier contracts emphasizing cost... 

The state-of-the-art in larval rearing of phyUosomas is commercially acceptable survival rates up to mid- to late-stage development (Phillips and Matsuda, 2011). At this stage, phyUosoma attrition rate is sufficiently high to result in low survival rate at the point of metamorphosis, hence final production is below commercially viable benchmarks. Research is focused on the two major pillars of health and nutrition. With incremental improvements in these key areas there is the expectation that puerulus and juvenile production will reach acceptable levels to make the closed-life-cycle production of Palinurid lobsters a commercial reality. 

Nuclear weapons present hazards in virtually all areas of their life cycle. Production and testing have their own impacts. The U.S. National Cancer Institute estimated that the release of iodine-131 in fallout from U.S. nuclear test explosions was by itself responsible for 49,000 excess cases of thyroid cancer among the U.S. popnlation [8]. A 1991 pubhcation by the hitemational Physicians for the Prevention of Nnclear War estimated that the strontium-90, cesium-137, carbon-14, and poloninm-239 released worldwide in all nuclear test explosions would be responsible for 430,000 cancer deaths by 2000 [9]. Additional widespread health and enviromnental effects of nuclear-weapons prodnction include massive contamination of land by radioactive materials and toxic chemicals. 

Growth Phase This phase follows the successful introduction of the new product and is characterized by very rapid sales growth, the addition of new competitors and rising capacity. Economies of scale are an important part of this phase as substantial profit improvement takes place. Polyethylene is presently in the product growth phase of the product life cycle. Product consumption per capita is the best measure of consumption. 

Type of plastic Share of petrochemical compounds Cradle-to-factory gate energy use Fossil CO2 emissions throughout life cycle (production and waste incineration)... 

Increase responsiveness Favor cost over responsiveness for commodity products. Favor responsiveness over cost for short-life cycle products. 

Part of the text reprinted from Polymers, the Environment, Sustainable Development, 2003, Authors Azapagic A, Emsley A and Hamerton I, Title Life cycle product design for chemical recycling Waterlily cushioning, pp. 169-171, Copyright (2003), with permission from J. Wiley Sons, Inc. 

Preparation of the O SHA should begin at the life-cycle Production stage (see Figure 2.1), using all previous HAs and FAs as data for analysis of hazards that have been identified to impact system operation. A sample O SHA is shown in colunmar matrix format in Figure 3.11. The O SHA shall identify... 

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