Results and Applications

The simple ion transfer across ITIES was observed with alkali metal ions, tetraalkyl-ammonium cations, choline, acetylcholine, picrate, perchlorate, iodide, thiocyanate, nitrate, dodecylsulphate, cationic forms of various tetracycline derivatives, etc. The facilitated ion transfer was mainly studied with alkah and alkaline earth metal ions the transfer of which was mediated by ionophores already mentioned in the first section of this lecture (for reviews see [13,18]). 

Besides determination of data of theoretical interest such as standard Gibbs transfer energies, distribution coefficients and stability constants, voltammetry at ITIES has found the following applications  

For determination of a low concentration of a given ion present in the aqueous phase a higher concentration of the complex-former in the organic phase is used. Under these conditions the current peak of the determinand is shifted to more negative potentials so that it can be accurately measured. An enhancement of the sensitivity of this method is achieved when using a hanging organic electrolyte drop [32]. 

In the case of ionophore determination a rather high concentration of the ion to be complexed in the aqueous phase is used while the ionophore is present at a low concentration in the organic phase. Under increasing potential scan the current peak is controlled by diffusion of the ionphore to ITIES and by diffusion of the complex formed from ITIES into the bulk of the organic phase while after scan reversal opposite processes take place. The peak currents are proportional to ionophore concentration. This method has been applied to the determination of monensin in cultures of Streptomyces cinnamonensis [33]. 

The electrochemical phenomena included under the heading of electrolysis at ITIES can be also characterised as a voltammetric version of electrochemistry of ion-selective electrodes. It helps to elucidate the processes taking place at liquid-membrane ISEs and has some interesting analytical apphcations. 

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An important though deman ding book. Topics include statistical mechanics, Monte Carlo sim illation s. et uilibrium and non -ec iiilibrium molecular dynamics, an aly sis of calculation al results, and applications of methods to problems in liquid dynamics. The authors also discuss and compare many algorithms used in force field simulations. Includes a microfiche containing dozens of Fortran-77 subroutines relevant to molecular dynamics and liquid simulations. 

Maas, G. Transition-metal Catalyzed Decomposition of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds — New Results and Applications in Organic Synthesis, 137, 75-253 (1986). 

Hedges, R. E. M. (1987), Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry Some recent results and applications, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 

Watson E.B., Sneeringer M.A., and Ross A. (1982) Diffusion of dissolved carbonate in magmas experimental results and applications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 61, 346-358. 

Conformational Analysis in Heterocyclic Systems Recent Results and Applications E. L. Eliel, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1972,11, 739-750. 

Due to the constructive peculiarities in the most of widely used high pressure and temperature apparatuses including both lens and belt type ones temperature field in reaction cell has axial symmetry. Thus, one has possibility to analyze temperature conditions in reaction cells of different design by means of finite element method calculation scheme [4], Beneath we discuss the results and application of this kind of calculations of temperature fields for one possible type of lens-shaped high pressure apparatus [1],... 

Pittman E. D. and Larese R. E. (1991) Compaction of lithic sands experimental results and applications. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bull. 75, 1279-1299. 

B. External Oscillating Force in the Fast Thermal Dephasing Limit Numerical Results and Applications... 

G.15 Andre Guinier and Gerard Fournet. Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays (New York Wiley, 1955). A full description of small-angle scattering phenomena, including theory, experimental technique, interpretation of results, and applications. 

Most antimicrobial susceptibility tests used in the clinical laboratory are well characterized and have been standardized by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). However, controversies still exist surrounding the exact test methods, interpretation and reporting of test results, and application of the results to the treatment of patients. Nevertheless, there are many investigations that show that the general antimicrobial susceptibility or resistance profile of an infecting organism correlates with clinical and/or microbiologic responses to therapy. 

The purpose of this paper is to show experimental results systematically and try to examine the appropriateness of molecular theoretical explanations. Therefore, the references to experimental results and application of theories will be fairly exhaustive. However, the techniques of measurements and rigorous basis for the theories will not be discussed extensively. Readers are asked to refer to other papers for these problems. 

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