Lead determination spectrometry

ASTM. 1998e. ASTM E 1727. Standard practice for field collection of soil samples for lead determination by atomic spectrometry techniques. American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Xu Y, Liang Y. 1997. Combined nickel and phosphate modifier for lead determination in water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12(4) 471-474. 

A.P. Packer, A.P.G. Gervasio, C.E.S. Miranda, B.F. Reis, A.A. Menegario, M.F. Gine, On-line electrolytic dissolution for lead determination in high-purity copper by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 485 (2003) 145. 

Trincherini, P.R. and Facchetti, S. (1983). Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry applied to lead determination. Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals in Biological Fluids, ed. by Facchetti, Elsevier Amsterdam. 

See also Dioxins. Gas Chromatography Column Technology Multidimensional Techniques High-Speed Techniques Instrumentation Detectors Mass Spectrometry. Lead. Mass Spectrometry Electron Impact and Chemical Ionization Ion Traps Selected Ion Monitoring. Mercury. Pesticides. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination. Tin. 

Qualitative. The classic method for the quaUtative determination of silver ia solution is precipitation as silver chloride with dilute nitric acid and chloride ion. The silver chloride can be differentiated from lead or mercurous chlorides, which also may precipitate, by the fact that lead chloride is soluble ia hot water but not ia ammonium hydroxide, whereas mercurous chloride turns black ia ammonium hydroxide. Silver chloride dissolves ia ammonium hydroxide because of the formation of soluble silver—ammonia complexes. A number of selective spot tests (24) iaclude reactions with /)-dimethy1amino-henz1idenerhodanine, ceric ammonium nitrate, or bromopyrogaHol red [16574-43-9]. Silver is detected by x-ray fluorescence and arc-emission spectrometry. Two sensitive arc-emission lines for silver occur at 328.1 and 338.3 nm. 

The element specificity of atomic absorption spectrometry has also been used in conjunction with gas chromatography to separate and determine organo-metallic compounds of similar chemical composition, e.g. alkyl leads in petroleum here lead is determined by AAS for each compound as it passes from the gas chromatograph.75... 

Backmank S, Karlsson RW (1979) Determination of lead, bismuth, zinc, silver and antimony in steel and nickel-base alloys by atomic-absorption spectrometry using direct atomization of solid samples in a graphite furnace. Analyst 104 1017-1029. 

Carrion N, De Behzo ZA, Moreno B, Fernandez EJ, Flores D (1988) Determination of copper, chromium, iron and lead in pine needles by electrothermal atomisation spectrometry with slurry sample introduction. J Anal At Spectrom 3 479-483. 

Acar 0, Kn ic Z, Turker AR (1999) Determination of bismuth, indium and lead in geological and sea-water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with nickel containing chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 382 329-338. 

The development of a robust analytical method is a complex issue. The residue analyst has available a vast array of techniques to assist in this task, but there are a number of basic rules that should be followed to produce a reliable method. The intention of this article is to provide the analyst with ideas from which a method can be constructed by considering each major component of the analytical method (sample preparation, extraction, sample cleanup, and the determinative step), and to suggest modern techniques that can be used to develop an effective and efficient overall approach. The latter portion emphasizes mass spectrometry (MS) since the current trend for pesticide residue methods is leading to MS becoming the method of choice for simultaneous quantitation and confirmation. This article also serves to update previous publications on similar topics by the authors. ... 

Despite these numerous advantages, mass spectrometry has often been used more as an auxiliary, rather than a primary, identification method for additives in polymers, paints, coatings, etc. Nevertheless, mass spectrometry can be used for direct determination of the composition of unknown admixtures. More difficult is the MS examination of substances of low volatility, as the sample has to be introduced in the gas phase. This requires volatilisation, which often leads to fragmentation. 

MDHS 14 General method for the gravimetric determination of respirable and total dust MDHS 15 Carbon disulphide MDHS 16 Mercury vapour in air Laboratory method using hopcalite adsorbent tubes, and acid dissolution with cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometric analysis MDHS 17 Benzene in air Laboratory method using charcoal adsorbent tubes, solvent desorption and gas chromatography MDHS 18 Tetra alkyl lead compounds in air Continuous on-site monitoring method using PAC Check atomic absorption spectrometry... 

Aguilera de Benzo Z, Fraile R, Carrion N, et al. 1989. Determination of lead in whole blood by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry using tube and platform atomizers and dilution with Triton X-100. Journal of Analytical and Atmospheric Spectrometry 4 397-400. 

Aroza I, Bonilla M, Madrid Y, et al. 1989. Combination of hydride generation and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of lead in biological samples. J Anal Atmos Spectra 4 163-166. 

Ellen G, Van Loon JW. 1990. Determination of cadmium and lead in foods by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction Test with certified reference materials. Food Addit Contam 7 265-273. 

Samanta G, Chakraborti D. 1996. Flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) and spectrophotometric methods for determination of lead in environmental samples. Environmental Technology 17(12) 1327-1337. 

Zhang Z-W, Shimbo S, Ochi N, et al. 1997. Determination of lead and cadmium in food and blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry a comparison with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Science of the Total Environment 205(2-3) 179-187. 

In soft ionization methods the excess energy deposited onto the ionized molecule is very small and stable even-electron ions are formed. This leads to easy determination of the molecular weight of the analyte, but as fragmentation is absent or it occurs to a very low extent, structural information is missing in the mass spectrum. However, one can obtain structural information by causing ion fragmentation out of the source by means of tandem mass spectrometry experiments (see below). 

Mercury was determined after suitable digestion by the cold vapour atomic absorption method [40]. Lead was determined after digestion by a stable isotope dilution technique [41-43]. Copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt were determined by differential pulse polarography following concentration by Chelex 100 ion-exchange resin [44,45], and also by the Freon TF extraction technique [46]. Manganese was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAA). 

Flegal and Stokes [59] have described a sample processing technique necessary for avoiding lead contamination of seawater samples prior to lead stable isotope measurements by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Levels down to 0.02 ng/kg were determined. 

Lin [ 1 ] used coprecipitation with lead sulfate to separate 237-actinium from sea water samples. The 237-actinium was purified by extraction with HDEHP, and determined by alpha spectrometry via Si (Au) surface barrier detection. The method has a sensitivity of 10 3 pCig"1 of ashed sample. 

Laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry has been used to determine down to 1 ng/1 of lead in seawater [359]. 

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