Layout safety-related

Liston (Ref. 27) provides useful checklists for equipment and building siting and layout for safety purposes, as well as other safety-related criteria for plant design. These checklists address economic considerations and facility geographical location, site selection, layout, and unit plot planning factors. 

Safety-related layout of the plant comprises double-walled pipes in product gas carrying ducts and deployment of isolation valves. Released process gases should be routed immediately into the atmosphere to avoid accumulation inside the reactor building. 

The plant and buildings of the BWR 90 are laid out and designed to satisfy aspects of safety, maintenance and communication in a balanced way. The layout is strongly influenced by safety requirements, in particular the physical separation of safety-related equipment. With respect to building layout and arrangement ABB Atom has traditionally favoured a coordinated and compact building complex the number of doors and transport openings, release points, transport routes etc. can be kept low and supervision becomes easier. 

Table I below provides notes on a suggested Safety Case layout. Examples, relating to EATM can be found in the EUROCONTROL Pre- and Post-Implementation Safety Cases for RVSM, (EUROCONTROL 200lb) and (EUROCONTROL 20054b) respectively.

Protection measures that could be implemented include a modification of the vibration path in the structure (through structural discontinuities and/or shielding) a review of the layout of equipment (with safety related equipment placed as far away as possible from potential impact areas) a vibration qualification programme for the equipment or a local isolation of the equipment support. In this last option (local isolation), special care should be taken to avoid unfavourable modification of the seismic response, which usually dominates the structural response at the lower frequencies. 

A.211. This section should describe the design requirements for fire protection inside the facility. It should include passive features, such as isolation, separation, selection of materials, the building layout and zoning, the location of Are barriers, and the safety system layout and protection (including separation of safety related redundant systems). Tne fire protection system is described in para. A. 1008. 

Safety issues in batch reaction systems relating to equipment configuration and layout are presented in Table 3. This table is meant to be illustrative but not comprehensive. A few key issues are presented below. 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations as they relate to (a) safety of design related to injury to personnel (includes such matters as latest vessel design [53], noise level from operating equipment, etc., [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. (b) safety of the plant layout emdronment which might influence the safety of the plant facilities. 

The spacing recommendations for process layout have been presented in literature as matrixes and lists of the typical minimum distances between different process items (Industrial Risk Insurers (1991) Bausbacher and Hunt (1993) Prugh (1982)). A suitable distance to another process item depends mostly on the safety properties of the process items. The clearance required for maintenance and access determine usually shorter spacings compared to safety clearances. In some references access and maintenance clearances are given separately. Therefore it can be assumed that the average of the recommended equipment spacings is mostly related to the general unsafety of a specific process item. 

The second edition of Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials is very different in layout from the first edition, and is more than just an update of the first edition. Rather, it is a more comprehensive version of the book, covering more fire-retardant chemistry, regulations, fire-safety engineering, fire phenomena, and all the other ancillary issues related to this applied field of materials science. Indeed, this edition reflects the strong multidisciplinary approach of material flame retardancy today. 

These facts enable a more simple layout and construction of the safety device and related parts for controlling and monitoring the pressurization. 

The engineering factor relates to the plant layout, its location, the equipment used, and its engineering standards. Special attention should be paid to the design stage at which safety and reliability rely upon the application of various codes of practice and standards. This is a basis for prevention of the fire explosions hazards. Within this factor, the philosophy of safety is based on the acceptance of the possibility of fire and explosion and provision of a method for protecting personnel and equipment from its consequences (protection method). 

The importance of the standardisation of panel layout relates to safety, since there are numerous reports of errors arising from inconsistent panel layouts, involving inadvertent reversion to an operating practice appropriate to an aircraft flown previously (CAP719 para 6.2). 

Its approach is based on the assumption that reliability analysis cannot give evidence to all risks for workers, especially inside SMEs because of their typical features as regards organization, layout and processing. So, its main target is to provide workers consciousness about risks and the necessary devices for their own safety following this approach, it s clear that data related to system faults are inadequate to quantify risks. 

The ICI-MOND Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (ICI 1985) was derived from DOW one and it is yet appreciated in process industry in many countries, including Italy. In ICI-MOND index method there are some ninety elementary questions, nested in a three levels tree. For many issues there is also a forth level of nested questions. About two thirds of the questions are for penalties and one third for credits accounting. For the most of the questions a quantitative answer is required. The questions are organized in chapters for penalties section the subjects are related to materials and quantities, processes and equipment, layout, health for credits section instead the method deals with containment, control, safety culture, fire engineering and emergency preparedness. Every issue weighs differently in overall risk levels accounting. Results are presented in a structured way, discriminat-iug fire, toxic, confined and unconfined explosion. 

Provisions in the layout should be made early in the process of plant design as a valuable way of reducing P2. In this regard, feedback of experience from similar installations should be taken into account. Decisions on layout are of particular importance in relation to missiles and flooding hazards, and these considerations are addressed in the corresponding sections of this Safety Guide. 

In addition to the chemical exposure, fire, and explosion, the various factors considered in the Mond Index are the material factor and its associated hazards, process hazard, quantity hazard, layout hazard, and toxicity hazard. The material factor relates to the type of materials, their flash point, explosive limits, etc., the nature of the process, and the process s inherent safety. The... 

The nominal human error rates can be reduced or increased based on operator-related environmental factors (quality of displays, control layout and clarity, control area environment, procedures, access), personnel faotors (training, experience), and stress factors (personal, shift schedules, response time pressure, severity or magnitude-of-safety condition). The best source for determining the human error rate would be company/facility-specific historical data, but in most organizations, this is not available. Therefore, an owner/operator often uses other published, acknowledged sources and adjusts the human error rate for their application and circumstances accordingly. 

Over time, the level of safety achieved will relate directly to the caliber of the design of facilities, hardware, equipment, tooling, operations layout, the work environment, the work methods, and products. Design, as the term is used here, encompasses all processes applied in devising a system to achieve results. 

Furnaces, also referred to as heaters, are one of the main pieces of equipment in a process complex. A furnace may raise the temperature of a gas or hydrocarbon liquid to meet specific processing needs or, in the case of pyrolysis and reformer furnaces, cause a chemical or physical change to the medium. A circular or box-type configuration is primarily used variations to each design are covered throughout this chapter. In addition, because of the various types of furnaces, this chapter covers some basics of furnace design and discusses how to approach a piping layout as it relates to maintenance, operation, and safety. 

The engineering factor relates to the plant layout, its location, the equipment used, and its engineering standards. Special attention should be paid to the design stage at which safety and reliability rely upon... 

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