Transportation routes

Nearby transport accidents may affect the research reactor through overpressure following explosions, fires, missile impact, or attack with toxic materials. The analysis can include the following  

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Logistics—If a company is geographically located such that it can not meet the desired service level and deliveiy requirements of its customers, tolling may provide a local production and distribution site. Shorter transportation routes for hazardous chemicals or wastes may also be a consideration. 

Section 2. Hazards Identification (assembling facility, transportation route, and chemical data) ... 

In their research to determine safe stand-off distances between transportation routes and nuclear power plants, Eichler and Napadensky (1977) recognized that the... 

Taking into account the possibility of highly directional blast effects, Eichler and Napadensky (1977) recommend the use of a safe and conservative value for TNT equivalency, namely, between 20% and 40%, for the determination of safe standoff distances between transportation routes and nuclear power plants. This value is based on energy it should be applied to the total amount of hydrocarbon in the largest single, pressurized storage tank being transported. 

Eichler, T. V., andH. S. Napadensky. 1977. Accidental vapor phase explosions on transportation routes near nuclear power plants. IIT Research Institute final report no. J6405. Chicago, Illinois. 

The identification of all facilities as well as transportation routes for e.xtremely liazardous substances... 

Figure 17.6.2. Vulnerable zones for transportation route Z witli atmospheric releases of chemicals X and Y.

The general transport routes of proteins are well established (Fig. la) [1]. Initially, every protein is synthesized at cytoplasmic ribosomes. Its destination within the cell is then determined by transport signals. If the nascent chain does not contain transport signals, it becomes a cytosolic protein. 

Fig. 4.3. Studies of specific drug transport routes in multifunctional cell models such as Caco-2 may be complicated, since there is a lack of specific substrates for many drug transporters. Therefore, specialised cell...

Tavelin, S., J. Taipalensuu, F. Hallbook, K. Vellonen, V. Moore, and P. Artursson. An Improved Cell Culture Model Based on 2/4/A1 Cell Monolayers for Studies of Intestinal Drug Transport. Characterization of Transport Routes., Pharm. Res. 2003, 20, 373-381. 

Fig. 15.2. Physicochemical molecular descriptors affect the transport route utilised across the intestinal epithelium. To passively diffuse through the membrane (1), the compound (here illustrated with testosterone) should preferably be small, with a molecular weight <500 Da, as well as uncharged and fairly lipophilic. However, compounds that are too lipophilic can stick to the membrane and will not pass through the cells. The paracellular route (2), here exemplified with mannitol, is mainly utilised by smaller (Mw < 200 Da)...

The process of inhibition becomes somewhat more complex if no restriction is made with respect to the concentration of modulators. As seen in Fig. 20.13, compounds with a low affinity to the transporter (EUh < 2) are able to activate if applied at low concentrations. However, if these compounds are applied at high concentration, ATP hydrolysis slows down (low V2 values) and they act as inhibitors (cf. Fig. 20.9). Compounds with EUh < 2 seem not to be transported (see Fig. 20.11). This may lead to an obstruction of the transport route and thus to a slow down of the activation cycle. Examples of this type of inhibitor include pro-... 

The complexity increases when we look at a mobile risk source with hazardous chemical substances, where transport routes are not usually know. 

The major transport route of metal ions over a biological membrane is generally assumed to occur over specific carrier ligands or ion channels that are... 

Distribution scheduling covers warehouse scheduling inch picking and packing as well as transport scheduling. Transportation route optimization and bundling of transportation volumes have to match the customer order schedule. 

Transportation routes are standard routes predefined in the value chain strategy. Transportation modes are related to the means of transportation such as truck, rail, ship or air freight. Transportation mode can be single dedicated, meaning only one transport mode such as standard truck is used for the entire value chain network. Alternatively, multiple transportation modes are used e.g. standard truck, dangerous good truck, rail, ship or air freight either dedicated or alternatively by transportation lane and/or prod-... 

The ex vivo methods lend themselves easily for the performance of mechanistic investigations. In order to optimize selection of drug candidates prior to further clinical development, it is important to decipher the contributive roles of permeation, metabolism, efflux, and toxicity. This will then make it possible to properly channel the optimization process, for instance, by permeation enhancement, mucoadhesion, modification of the physicochemical characteristics of the drug, or even change in the route of administration in case the drug and/or formulation turns out to be too toxic. Regarding permeability studies, it is possible not only to quantify passive diffusion but also to identify and characterize (compound)-specific carrier-mediated transport routes. These tools have been used to identify and characterize the relative contribution of... 

Tavelin S, Taipalensuu J, Hallbook F, Vellonen KS, Moore V, Artursson P (2003a) An improved cell culture model based on 2/4/A1 cell monolayers for studies of intestinal drug transport Characterization of transport routes. Pharm Res 20 373-381. 

Walter E, Kissel T (1995) Transport of peptidomimetic renin inhibitors across monolayers of a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2) Evidence for self-enhancement of paracellular transport route. J Pharm Sci 3 215-230. 

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