Toxicity index of

NES 713 Determination Of The Toxicity Index Of The Products Of Combustion From Small Specimens Of Materials, U.K. Ministry Of Defence Naval Engineering Standards, Foxhill Bath, U.K., 1985. 

Figure 2. Relationship between the number of moles of ethylene oxide in octyl- or nonyl-phenol polyoxyethylene glycol ether surfactant molecules and the toxicity index of these surfactants in mixtures with (a) paraquat and (b) dalapon on corn plants.

Figure 3. Relationship between the number of moles of ethylene oxide in octylphenol (%), nonylphenol ( ), or laurylphenol ( J) polyoxyethylene glycol ether surfactant molecules and the toxicity index of these surfactants in mixtures with (a) paraquat, (b) dalapon, and (c) amitrole on corn plants. Herbicides applied at 1/64, 10, and 5 lb./ acre, respectively surfactant concentration was 0.005M in all cases. Toxicity index calculated by expressing fresh weight for each treatment as percentage of untreated control and subtracting this value from 100 (58)...

Although the true hazards of radioactive wastes are not measured by these toxicity indices, some perspective can be obtained by comparing the total ingestion toxicity index of the hi -tevel wastes to the similar toxicity index for the ore used to fuel the reactor to generate... 

NES 713 (1985), Determination of the toxicity index of the products of combustion from small samples of materials. 

Fig. 3.4.1 Toxicity index of flame retardant polypropylene as FED (fracture effective exposure dose) 30 minutes exposure of rats, 24 hours post exposure. 50% mortality correlates with an FED value of one [138].

A method and results are described of the toxicity index of compositions of SKI-3 polyisoprene and SKN-18 butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers containing mesitylene dinitrile oxide as a curing agent. 5 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. 

Workers in the metals treatment industry are exposed to fumes, dusts, and mists containing metals and metal compounds, as well as to various chemicals from sources such as grinding wheels and lubricants. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Historically, metal toxicology was concerned with overt effects such as abdominal coHc from lead toxicity. Because of the occupational health and safety standards of the 1990s such effects are rare. Subtie, chronic, or long-term effects of metals treatment exposure are under study. An index to safety precautions for various metal treatment processes is available (6). As additional information is gained, standards are adjusted. 

Antineoplastic Drugs. Cyclophosphamide (193) produces antineoplastic effects (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer) via biochemical conversion to a highly reactive phosphoramide mustard (194) it is chiral owing to the tetrahedral phosphoms atom. The therapeutic index of the (3)-(-)-cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] (193) is twice that of the (+)-enantiomer due to increased antitumor activity the enantiomers are equally toxic (139). The effectiveness of the DNA intercalator dmgs adriamycin [57-22-7] (195) and daunomycin [20830-81-3] (196) is affected by changes in stereochemistry within the aglycon portions of these compounds. Inversion of the carbohydrate C-1 stereocenter provides compounds without activity. The carbohydrate C-4 epimer of adriamycin, epimbicin [56420-45-2] is as potent as its parent molecule, but is significandy less toxic (139). 

Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products thermal decomposition of the fluorocarbon chain in air leads to the formation of oxidized products containing carbon, fluorine and oxygen. Because these products decompose in part by hydrolysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively determined in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recommended pending determination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentration should be minimal. (Trade names Algoflon, Fluon, Teflon, Tetran.)... 

Lewis, D. J. (1979). The Mond Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Index Applied to Plant Layout and Spacing. i3th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium, April 2-5, 1979, Houston, TX, 20-26. Loss Prevention, No. 13. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Peakall, D. (1996). Disrupted patterns of behaviour in natural populations as an index of toxicity. Environmental Health Perspectives 104, Supplement 2 331-335. 

The quantitative measurement of toxicity level is expressed by parameters like NOEL (no observed effect level), NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level), and ADI (acceptable daily intake). The NOEL values are divided by 100 to obtain ADI values. The 100 safety factor derives from 10 x 10, where the 10s represent the animal-to-human conversion rate and the human variability factor. Currently, the most useful index of safety is the ADI, expressed as milligrams of test substance per kilogram of body weight (ppm), with the recommendation not to eat more than the ADI per day. The FDA, EU, and WHO agree on the ADI principle. 

So fares toxicity risk through Inhalation is concerned, which is the most common under normal working conditions, a quantitative index of toxicity is suggested on p.140. 

These considerations are illustrated in the following table with the calculation of this index of toxicity (IT) using the previous examples. 

As is needed for all potential risks for chemical substances, an index of toxicity enables quantification of risk. Nevertheless, it only applies to risk by inhalation, which is yet the most common as well as insidious risk under normal working conditions with chemical substances. However, this approach should be treated with caution because of the difficulties inherent in toxicological risks. At this stage of the analysis it is essential to work in collaboration with the company doctor, whose total agreement is necessary. 

Lewis, D. J. (1919a) AIChE Loss Prevention Symposium, Houston, April. The Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index a development of the Dow index. 

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