Engineering Factors

Metals Successful applications of metals in high-temperature process service depend on an appreciation of certain engineering factors. The important alloys for service up to I,I00°C (2,000°F) are shown in Table 28-35. Among the most important properties are creep, rupture, and short-time strengths (see Figs. 28-23 and 28-24). Creep relates initially applied stress to rate of plastic flow. Stress... 

Engineering factors include (a) contaminant characteristics such as physical and chemical properties - concentration, particulate shape, size distribution, chemical reactivity, corrosivity, abrasiveness, and toxicity (b) gas stream characteristics such as volume flow rate, dust loading, temperature, pressure, humidity, composition, viscosity, density, reactivity, combustibility, corrosivity, and toxicity and (c) design and performance characteristics of the control system such as pressure drop, reliability, dependability, compliance with utility and maintenance requirements, and temperature limitations, as well as size, weight, and fractional efficiency curves for particulates and mass transfer or contaminant destruction capability for gases or vapors. 

Metals Successful applications of metals in high-temperature process service depend on an appreciation of certain engineering factors. Among the most important properties are creep, rupture,... 

Gasification is a process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to convert materials directly into a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Gasification technologies differ in many aspects but rely on four key engineering factors ... 

By splicing factor IX to become shorter and without affecting protein function, researchers were able to package the engineered factor IX gene in AAV and express the protein in human cells. More details of this strategy, which has led to human testing is presented in Box 15.2. 

Several engineering factors have discouraged more frequent utilization of gas chromatographs aboard aircraft. Laboratory research instruments are large, heavy, and have power requirements that exceed the capabilities of most aircraft. However, smaller, high-quality gas chromatographs are now commercially available and can be easily modified to reduce power consumption. 

A creep test is in essence very simple - a constant force is applied to the rubber and the change in deformation with time monitored - but detailed procedures were not standardised internationally until 1988 and there is still no general ASTM method. This reflects the relatively small amount of creep testing carried out on rubbers, which in turn is due to the relatively few rubber products where creep is a problem. This is in contrast to the situation with thermoplastics where creep performance is a prime engineering factor. However, for particular applications of rubber where creep is important, for example bridge bearings, a considerable amount of data has been generated. 

This very large length of more than 2 km, or about 1 mile and a quarter, can be divided into n connected tubes, each with a length of 2036.36/n m. In this case each tube section has the volumetric flow rate c/(per tube) = 0.003/n m3/(sec tube) and the number n can be 100 or 1000, for example, depending on the mechanical and locational factors. Alternatively the total length L = 2036 m can be achieved by a coiled reactor. The particular choice of apparatus is based on mechanical engineering factors. 

The reaction system involved in the case studied is a kind of relatively complex van de vusse reaction, nevertheless the reaction system in real manufacturing process may involve more reaction types and, therefore, is more complex than that one. One can, however, simulate the change of environmental indexes within a reactor by combining traditional reactor mathematical model with the PEI balance, and may also discover the effects of reaction conditions and engineering factors on environmental performance by PEI rate-law expression and/or combinations it with other reaction rate equations as well as other related equations in reactor mathematical models. 

Evaluation of Public Health, Ecological Impacts, Social, Economic, Political, Engineering Factors... 

Multi-factor approach, i.e. integrated consideration of physical, economical and engineering factors, provides for new opportunities when dealing with the problem of naval SNF storage in single-piupose and dual-purpose containers. 

Moressi, M. and Spinosi, M. (1984). Engineering factors in the production of concentrated fruit juices, II, fluid physical properties of grapes. ]. Food Technol. 5, 519-533. 

The discussion of a number of topics in electrocatalysis, including adsorption phenomena, surface reaction mechanisms and investigation techniques, electrocatalytic activity and selectivity concepts, and reaction engineering factors, may seem at first too diverse. We believe, however, that fundamental principles cannot be divorced from their natural counterpart, praxis. Here, we attempt to establish ties between basic and applied electrocatalysis and with their conventional similes, catalysis, surface physics (and spectroscopy) and reaction engineering. By taking a vitae parallelae perspective, we hope that a synthetic analysis of the present state of the art emerges. 

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