Operational decisions

Operational Decisions are short-term decisions made on a daily/weekly basis, at which point much of the operational uncertainty that existed when the strategic and tactical decisions were made has been resolved. In addition, since the time scale is so short, most of these decisions involve a significantly lower expenditure of funds. Examples include the following  

It is important to recognize that the three types of supply chain decisions— strategic, tactical, and operational—are interrelated. For example, the number 

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This first information about the reservoir is recorded, as a function of depth, in the form of several columns. Although rather qualitative in many respects, mudlogging is an important data gathering technique. It is of importance as a basis for operational decisions, e.g. at what depth to set casing, or where to core a well. Mudlogging is also cheap, as data is gathered while the normal drilling operations go on. 

Operators are primarily concerned with stable operation and may be leeiy of altering the operation they may fear that operation will drift into a region that cannot be controlled. Supervision may be reluc tant despite their recognizing that a problem exists Any deficiencies with the operation or operating decisions is their responsibility. Permission for conducting the test from the supervisor and the operators will be required. Management cooperation will be required particularly if capital is ultimately needed. Maintenance will be called upon to make modifications to sample locations and perform a sequential pressure measurement. The laboratory personnel, discussed in detail in the next subsection, may view the unit test as an overload to available resources. These concerns must be addressed to ensure accurate sample interpretation. 

In addition to the drift with time, step changes due to operating decisions, atmospheric changes, or other conditions result in additional time dependence. Not only is there a sudden change due to the actual decision, but also the plant changes due to the time constants. For example. Fig. 30-13 shows measurements with step changes in the operation. 

If the technical staff from the client company recognizes that a toller may be asked to perform new analyses and make operating decisions based upon the results, the client may help the toller develop the needed procedures and skills required to make these decisions. Typically a round robin laboratory qualification exercise will be performed. Samples of known standards and unknown concentrations of the materials to be analyzed for the toll will be prepared and sent to both laboratories. This can help ensure that equipment calibration is synchronized and that the toller is capable of performing accurate measurements. In some cases, the toller may be the party with the chemical, process, or synthesis specific expertise. 

FEMA s database system for emergency response information for governments. For use in planning, training, and eventually real-time operational decision-making for all types of emergencies. 

Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., 1981, Evaluation of Proposed Control Room Improvements Through Analysis of Critical Operator Decisions, EPRINP-1982. 

In deciding where your primary sponsorship for PSM lies, keep in mind that the terms centralized" and decentralized" can be misleading because they are relative, not absolute. A company can be seen as decentralized because most operating decisions are made at the divisional level, working with broad corporate guidelines. A division that is part of the decentralized company may, itself, be a highly centralized entity, with key decisions coming from the top of the divisbn and most staff resources based at division headquarters, not in the field. 

Gertman, D. I., Haney, L. N., Jeirkins, J. P., Blackman, H. S. (1985). Operator Decision Making Under Stress. In G. Johannsen, G. Mancini, L. Martensson (Eds.). Analysis Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems (Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Conference, Varese, Italy). 

Woods, D. D. (1982). "Operator Decision Behavior during the Steam Generator Tube Rupture at the Ginna Nuclear Power Station." Research Report 82-1057-CONRM-R2, Westinghouse Research and Development Centre Pittsburgh, PA. 

Figure 11.1 The hierarchy of strategic and operational decisions in preclinical research.

In addition to the comparison of different stages of process development during scale up, the evaluation of alternative syntheses or processes using mass indices and environmental factors or LCA may reveal the lack of resource efficiency and thus call into question the current mode of operation. Decisions that were made in earlier stages of scale-up may then be revised. 

During plant operation decisions have to be made on ... 

Value chain management is the integration of strategy, planning and operations decisions in the value chain to reach a global value optimum... 

The second layer of defenses is the supervision slice. This refers to the hrst-line supervisor and his or her safety-consciousness as well as organizational factors as displayed hy the operational decisions he or she makes. 

Research and analytical work to increase knowledge and understanding of drugs and crime issues and expand the evidence-base for policy and operational decisions ... 

Schmidt G, Wilhelm WE (2000) Strategic, tactical and operational decisions in multi-national logistics networks a review and discussion of modelling issues. International Journal of Production Research 38 1501-1523... 

When Marie Lassiter walked into the pharmacy to have her prescription filled, it is not likely that she considered the multitude of resources that had been assembled to provide her with that service. She is not likely to appreciate the complexity of operations that go into providing her with that service, and Marie does not necessarily have to know, ever. Pharmacists, particularly those in positions to make operations decisions, not only need to be aware of these issues, but they also stand to be more profitable by knowing how to analyze these issues and manage them effectively. 

The operating decisions to be made for a multiproduct plant are more complex than for a single-product plant. The useful production time of making several products is diminished by the time for overlapping product changeovers. Operation without product overlap results... 

In order to make design or operation decisions a process engineer uses a process model. A process model is a set of mathematical equations that allows one to predict the behavior of a chemical process system. Mathematical models can be fundamental, empirical, or (more often) a combination of the two. Fundamental models are based on known physical-chemical relationships, such as the conservation of mass and energy, as well as thermodynamic (phase equilibria, etc.) and transport phenomena and reaction kinetics. An empirical model is often a simple regression of dependent variables as a function of independent variables. In this section, we focus on the development of process models, while Section III focuses on their numerical solution. 

Thus with given B0m and V, specification of the set of operations decision variables D°m = d°j, i = 1, NTm] (a total of 2 NTm decision variables) and control variables Um = t-, i = 1,NTm for all distillation tasks in operation m, it will be possible to calculate the overall performance measures for the batch (total distillation time, overall separation, products and intermediates amounts, recoveries, energy, etc.)- The same decision variables may be optimised to achieve some overall objective for the operation, (e.g. overall profit) subject to overall constraints (e.g. overall time, energy, etc.). 

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