Scientific expertise

The United States. Although there are American breweries more than 100 years old, the brewing industry in the United States is young. With their technical and scientific expertise, American brewers are among the leaders in the brewing industry. 

The Society of Cosmetic Chemists, with individual memberships, was founded in the United States after World War II, based on the beHef that scientific expertise and exchange were the foundations for future expansion of the cosmetic industry. Prior to that time, knowledge of cosmetic formulation was jealously guarded. Related scientific societies emerged in other countries and have since joined to form the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists. 

Under US regulations, each institution conducting research with human subjects must have its own IRB. These perform the same functions as the Independent Ethics Committees in Europe, and should contain at least five members, one of which should be independent of the institution. There should be available a mixture of scientific and non-scientific expertise capable of assessing research proposals from legal, ethical and scientific perspectives. The IRB must grant written authorisation to the investigator before a study can commence. They are also responsible for on-going reviews of research, and must report to the FDA ... 

Committee members were chosen for their wide variety of scientific expertise and experience in production and certification of reference materials. In addition, members with proficiency in the use of reference materials for the analysis of trace metals, radioisotopes, nutrients, carbon, and organic matter were represented. The committee met on four sepa-... 

The CHM would comprise approximately 10-12 core members, appointed by Ministers. Rather than restricting membership within the areas currently specified in the Medicines Act for the MC, the CHM would need members with high level scientific expertise and an abihty in critical appraisal, a capacity to contribute beyond individual speciality and, where possible, experience in the NHS clinical practice and the regulatory field. 

The Coimcil is made up of the members and the participants who serve on the scientific committees of the Council. The Council members who are selected solely on the basis of their scientific expertise are drawn from public and private universities, medical centers, national and private laboratories and industry. The scientific committees, composed of experts having detailed knowledge and competence in the particular area of the committee s interest, draft proposed recommendations. These are then submitted to the full membership of the Council for careful review and approval before being published. 

To acquire and consolidate regulatory experiences on botanical drugs, a dedicated BRT has been established in CDER. The BRT will provide scientific expertise on botanical issues to other reviewing staff to ensure consistent interpretation and implementation of the Botanical Guidance and related policies. In addition, the BRT has the following functions ... 

Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology under its Utilization of Scientific Expertise of Retired Scientists Scheme... 

In keeping with the Conservative Governments desire to minimize the role of government, the White Paper emphasized private funding of science (paragraph 2.20), but also that there should be greater links between industry and the scientific expertise of British Universities ... 

The amount of information in scientific papers is generally less than is needed to establish effectively the methods described within them. There are some exceptions to this statement, but these depend initially on how the author wishes to describe the method and how the paper is reviewed before being accepted by the journal. Some methods may only have a relatively small number of samples analyzed on 1 or 2 days before publication of the manuscript. In contrast, other methods may have examined several thousand samples before the manuscript is written and submitted. The methods in the former case have virtually no robustness data and knowledge of operation compared with the latter. Some analysts develop more complex methods that are necessary to demonstrate their scientific expertise at the expense of their colleagues. 

Second, we have found it extremely effective to have one of our most senior scientists involved in that activity. This eliminates the hands-off, nonscientific minds coming back and trying to describe things to the scientific mind. Having a senior scientist involved also puts someone out there who understands the possibilities of science. They then frame and see the problems differently. Having scientific expertise in the marketplace and working with the broader marketplace instead of a specific customer is key to identifying unmet market needs. 

A small chemical company may occupy a small, specialized niche, or it may provide services covering a wide area. Ultraflne falls into the latter category and in many ways may be compared with the chemical research and development department of a large company. Because it is so much smaller, emphasis must be placed on versatility as well as high scientific expertise. 

Accuracy of information is a result of scientific expertise, the delivery of adequate, complete and unbiased information about results and residual uncertainties. The speed of release is influenced by the organizational culture, to what extent the process to find answers and to acknowledge uncertainties is developed. Empathy is related to the willingness to recognize the situation (the scenario) in which the persons/clients are found. The degree of openness corresponds to the information given about uncertainties and limitations in the exposure assessment, the restrictions with respect to selected scenarios, the model assumptions and... 

After the IND is submitted, the project team is again expanded to include new players. Some of the old players, such as chemistry and pharmacology, have decreased roles but may continue to serve on the team to provide scientific expertise when new problems arise. The roles of many project team members substantially expand. The new players and expanded roles of members include ... 

The Commission is most certainly aware of the risks of politicisation of scientific expertise, particularly with regard to the perceived failures of expert governance in connection with the BSE crisis and the dioxin scare (Jansson 2008). In the words of Commissioner David Byrne in an address to the then newly elected members of the scientific committees ... 

Finally, in insisting on hard, i. e., documentary and material facts, the revisionist side has begun the task of writing a reliable history of the Holocaust basing almost entirely on the total documentary and material record available, and supported by proper and exact scientific expertises. 

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