Internal data format

The internal binary data storage is maintained by a common library that is accessible directly by data conversion libraries. Data conversion libraries have two modes of operation (1) Import of data means reading those data from their source and converting them into the current internal data formats and (2) export of data means writing data from internal data storage to destination (files) in a format being supported by other software. Both ways should transport the data with no or minimum loss of information. The aim is to fulfill the FDA s requirement of true and complete transfer that is, information must be transferred completely and numerical data must be converted accurately. 

Often this data set is converted to a standard such as IPC-D-356 from the CAD/CAM system s internal data formats by means of an intermediate converter. These software converters, aithough simple, are usually customized for each individual CAD system. A converter must be updated or modified with any output changes made by a CAD vendor due to a CAD system software update or new product introduction. The number of converters required by an independent PWB manufacturer could be quite high, as data will likely be received from many different CAD system types. Fortunately, many of the CAD vendors now include direct output of IPC-D-356 data or readily provide converters. Acceptance of these standards is now such that in many cases even Gerber input data are first converted into IPC-D356 format prior to final processing. 

The layout editor may have an internal data format that is used to store the layout, and it should also be able to generate output data files in the formats that are commonly used by foundries. These include GIF (Caltech Intermediate Format) and GDSII (Graphic Data System). Some tools do not support these formats, but it may be possible to find eon-verters from one file format, such as DXF (Drawing Exchange Format), to the required format, such as GDSII. Typically the user will transfer the data file to the foundries mask data folder using an FTP (file transfer protocol) command. In some cases the foundry may require the user to submit checksum data to ensure that the file transferred eorrectly. 

The different internal and external file formats make it necessary to have programs which convert one format into another. One of the first conversion programs for chemical structure information was Babel (around 1992). It supports almost 50 data formats for input and output of chemical structure information [61]. CLIFF is another file format converter based on the CACTVS technology and which supports nearly the same number of file formats [29]. In contrast to Babel, the program is more comprehensive it is able to convert chemical reaction information, and can calculate missing atom coordinates [29]. 

Another continuing project on aqueous nonelectrolytes is the International Data Series B. The editor is Dr. J. A. Larkin of the National Physical Laboratory in England. It is published in the form of supplements of loose-leaf sheets and issued at irregular intervals of a few months. Each sheet is prepared and submitted by an author or authors. The data are presented in a standard format and must follow certain rules with regard to kind of properties, style, units, and kind of auxiliary information to be included. Standard table formats have been designed for each kind of property included. Each table is reviewed by an editor specially selected from an international panel. 

In many cases the NMR fascilities in universities and industry are equipped with spectrometers manufactured by companies other than Bruker/Spectrospin. The NMR data from Varian (Gemini and Unity), JEOL (Alpha, GX, EX and Lambda) and GE spectrometers may also be processed by ID WIN-NMR and 2D WIN-NMR provided that the data is first converted into WIN-NMR data format. The data should be transferred to a PC, preferably via an internal network, and then the appropriate routine in the GETFILE module is used for the conversion. To use this conversion tools a copy protection dongle (WIBU-key) - not delivered with this education package - must be installed on your PC. If you plan to install this option, please refer to the instructions given in the GETFILE manual [2.3] and contact your Bruker/Spectrospin representative. 

OS is also present in practically every woman under treatment with oral contraceptives, since a consistent OS has been shown (internal data of the author). The consequence can be the formation of superficial thrombus, which is one of the more frequent side effects of oral contraceptives. 

The methoxyl groups of nesodine absorb in the NMR at 3 3.98 and 3.69 ppm. The former signal may be assigned to 22-OMe and the latter to 21-OMe. The data do not eliminate an alternative structure (16) (structure 1 with R1 = H, R2 = OH, R3 = Me) for nesodine. Ferris et al. preferred 5 to 16 on the basis of the fact that no naturally occurring Lythraceae alkaloid has a 21-OMe. It would, however, be necessary to confirm this structure by internal ether formation. 

Neural network methods require a fixed length representation of the data to be processed. Vibrational spectra recorded usually fulfill this requirement. With most applications in vibrational spectroscopy, the spectral range and resolution are fixed, and a comparison of spectra from different sources is directly possible. Appropriate scaling of the spectra allows handling different resolutions to obtain the same number of components in a descriptor. Digitized vibrational spectra typically contain absorbance or transmission values in wave-number format. Most of the spectrometers provide the standardized spectral data format JCAMP-DX developed by the Working Party on Spectroscopic Data Standards from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) [48]. 

A full release of GenBank occins on a bimonthly schedule with incremental (and nonincremental) daily updates available by anonymous FTP. The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration also exchanges new and updated records daily. Therefore, all sequences present in GenBank are also present in DDBJ and EMBL, as described in the introduction to this chapter. The three databases rely on a common data format for information described in the feature table documentation (see below). This represents the lingua franca for nucleotide sequence database annotations. Together, the nucleotide sequence databases have developed defined submission procedures (see Chapter 4), a series of guidelines for the content and format of all records. 

For all such third party off-spectrometer data analysis packages it is important to be able to handle as many manufacturers formats and international data transfer formats as possible and Tab. 24.1 typifies this with those formats currently supported by MassLib. 

Internal handling of large amounts of structural data puts more severe requirements on data format and on data organisation (in this paragraph, use of random access media, such as core memory banks - possibly with page or block organisation - or multi-track discs is assumed). 

At this moment, the creation of a global model to support large-scale company requirements, i.e. for aU the phases of product lifecycle, within all the supply chain and for a whole domain business ecosystem, is one challenge to be addressed by the international scientific community. STEP has been presented as a viable alternative to the current state of multiple, incomplete, overlapped and proprietary data formats, seeking solid and reliable data exchange between partners using heterogeneous systems [4]. 

The concept of the SELF (Standard ELectronic File) format was developed in 1998-2002 by the Task Group on Standard Physico-Chemical Data Formats (lUCOSPED) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) and the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) in cooperation with the International Council of Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI). A data portal, called DataExplorer (Fachinformationszentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany), implemented SELFs for a variety of physico-chemical properties. The structure of the SELFs in this volume follows the general format of lUCOSPED SELFs. 

Matching the PPHR data format and vocabulary to that of the web-based PHR is a problem. To solve this, the PPHR data is converted to the international CCR standard format [23] to be ubiquitously available to health record databases [24]. Thereby, the available lCD-10 and other codes are attached to the corresponding PPHR entries to allow more professional comprehension, especially of entries in a local language. 

Constraints may be introduced by internal or extonal requirements. Data dependencies and control flow impose internal constraints. The surrounding system with which the chip communicates imposes exterrud constraints on the relative timing between inputs and outputs, data format, etc. Extonal constraints can be described as separate BFSMs. The constraint machine may examine real inputs and ouq>uts to test, for example, whether two outputs occur one cycle tq>art the system under design may also provide pseudo-outputs to mark the time of events that are not immediately visible. Connecting the constraint machines to the system und design lets the compiler simultaneously manipulate the system and its constraints. 

This chapter has already hinted strongly at the need for information. If people are to work safely then, obviously, they need to know not just what hazards are present, but how to avoid them. For this, there has to be a body of knowledge which can be disseminated effectively. One source of information has already been described product safety data sheets. For all their faults, they are usually the basis of any data bank on chemical hazards. A practical problem is that few suppliers use the same format. It may, therefore, be helpful for laboratory or workshop managers to prepare internal data sheets, in a common format, for local use. Just as with the suppliers data sheets, these should concentrate on fact and avoid opinion. If, though, some chemicals are thought to be particularly dangerous, then the opportunity to highlight them should be taken. 

Chemicals are usually stored in computer-readable format as data which represent a valence structure. For historical reasons, the external format for such data is commonly referred to as a connection table. A majority of connection table formats are simply formatted versions of an internal data structure written out in tabular format. However, a significant number of non-tabular formats are used for external computer representation of chemicals. 

CXF (chemical exchange format) is CAS external structure and non-structural data format. The stereochemical features include (among others) CIP labels, template based labels, optical rotation, and coordination geometries with stereovertex lists. The format is designed to cover all details of CAS internal representation needed for the Registry service. ... 

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