Minimum loss

For a near-total shielding of the field produced by the main cotiductors (i.e. for - /. to be very low), it is essential to have the thickness of the enclosure is netir to 5p as possible. But this m iy prove to be a costly proposition. In addition, ti higher induced current in the enclosure will also tnean higher losses. This hits been established by computing the cost of the enclosure and capitalizing the cost of losses for minimum losses in the eticlosure... 

The purge device or system removes noncondensables from the system at a minimum loss of refrigerant. 

The mud flow rate is 500 gal/min and the fluidic pulser has 4 x 24/32 in. diameter nozzles in parallel. Compute the pressure loss in the fluidic pulser in the minimum loss mode (C = 1). 

Adiabatic calorimeter Instrument used to study chemical reactions which have a minimum loss of heat. 

Cyclones. According to the model presented above, Eq. (24), a minimum loss rate due to cyclone attrition requires to avoid both high inlet velocities Ue and high solids mass fluxes mc m at the cyclone inlet. The latter requirement can be fulfilled by locating the cyclone inlet above the transport disengaging height (TDH) (Kunii and Levenspiel, 1991). In addition, an enlargement of the freeboard section will reduce the amount of particles that are entrained and thus the mass flux, mc in. 

Based on the reversibility of their phase transformation behavior, polymorphs can easily be classified as being either enantiotropic (interchange reversibly with temperature) or monotropic (irreversible phase transformation). Enantiotropic polymorphs are each characterized by phase stability over well-defined temperature ranges. In the monotropic system, one polymorph will be stable at all temperatures, and the other is only metastable. Ostwald formulated the rule of successive reactions, which states that the phase that will crystallize out of a melt will be the state that can be reached with the minimum loss of free... 

The major task involved during ore preparation is to remove the maximum amount of primary slimes with minimum loss of REO minerals to the slime fraction. The REO losses in the slime fraction are dependent on the desliming size. Minimum loss of REO to the slime fraction occurs when desliming is done at a Kso of about 4 pm. Figure 24.10 shows the effect of desliming size on REO loss in the size fraction. 

Application technology aims at minimum loss during transfer of active ingredient, i.e. entomopathogenic nematodes from the mixing tank to the target insect. Several factors affect the ability to deliver infective juveniles in close proximity to the target... 

Optimization pervades the fields of science, engineering, and business. In physics, many different optimal principles have been enunciated, describing natural phenomena in the fields of optics and classical mechanics. The field of statistics treats various principles termed maximum likelihood, minimum loss, and least squares, and business makes use of maximum profit, minimum cost, maximum use of resources, minimum effort, in its efforts to increase profits. A typical engineering problem can be posed as follows A process can be represented by some equations or perhaps solely by experimental data. You have a single performance criterion in mind such as minimum cost. The goal of optimization is to find the values of the variables in the process that yield the best value of the performance criterion. A trade-off usually exists between capital and operating costs. The described factors—process or model and the performance criterion—constitute the optimization problem. ... 

Any successful solvent extraction process depends upon the selection of inexpensive extractants that can operate at the natural condition of the solution, with minimum loss of the organic phase to the aqueous solution. Also, an inexpensive means of recovery of the metal from the organic phase is necessary. In some cases, the cost of neutralization of the feed solution before solvent extraction processing or the cost of maintaining a buffered pH during extraction may prove excessive when coupled with solvent losses. 

Figure 17. Average HpO loss per month ( ) and average total H2O loss (0) during 1977 for 56 systems. (Brackets indicated the maximum and minimum loss each month.)...

These results show that it may be more efficient to depectinize fruit juices before their concentration by freezing because this would give minimum losses at lower heat removal rates and thus at conditions of more economical operation. The implication of these results for the design of a scraped surface crystallizer are currently being examined. 

Because of its low affinity for water we have used TENAX TA, poly-(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide). This very porous polymer has a high thermostability and may be used with a thermal desorption technique. It is also possible to dry it to avoid plugging the GC column, with only minimum losses of other collected components. 

Both methods require that the polymerization of the first monomer not be carried to completion, usually 90% conversion is the maximum conversion, because the extent of normal bimolecular termination increases as the monomer concentration decreases. This would result in loss of polymer chains with halogen end groups and a corresponding loss of the ability to propagate when the second monomer is added. The final product would he a block copolymer contaminated with homopolymer A. Similarly, the isolated macroinitiator method requires isolation of RA X prior to complete conversion so that there is a minimum loss of functional groups for initiation. Loss of functionality is also minimized by adjusting the choice and amount of the components of the reaction system (activator, deactivator, ligand, solvent) and other reaction conditions (concentration, temperature) to minimize normal termination. 

In the chromatography technique, proteins bind differentially to solid matix supports or media with various functional groups to provide hydrophobic, ion-exchange, and affinity interactions. Some of the matrices used for intermediate purification that provide sufficient flow rate for large-scale purification are listed in Table 4.13. Some of the functional groups attached to matrix supports and examples of proteins purified by these matrix supports are fisted in Table 4.14. The chromatography technique should provide high capacity and selectivity. The matrix material must withstand multiple purification cycles with minimum loss of efficiency. 

Several approaches are being taken in an attempt to relate petrographic composition with combustion behavior. Figure 17 shows how R. along with FS1 and ash fusion data may be used to predict the burning rate of coals in a specific combustion type (cross-feed stoker). In general, as R and FSI increase and ash fusion temperatures decrease, coals require more grate surface to insure optimum burn-out and minimum loss of combustibles in the ash. 

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