System surroundings

The second part of the second law states that where system undergoes an adiabatic process (system surrounded by insulating walls), i—and the process is reversible, the entropy is not changed, while when the adiabatic process is not reversible the entropy must increase ... 

You should refer back to Chapter 6 for a discussion of the terms system, surroundings, and universe. 

The second law of thermodynamics involves a term called entropy. Entropy is a measure of the degree that energy disperses from a localized state to one that is more widely spread out. We may also think of entropy (S) as a measure of the disorder of a system. The second law of thermodynamics states that all processes that occur spontaneously move in the direction of an increase in entropy of the universe (system + surroundings). For a reversible process, a system at equilibrium, ASuniverse = 0. We can state this as ... 

Second Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that all processes that occur spontaneously move in the direction of an increase in entropy of the universe (system + surroundings). 

Blum and Tingey found that ozone reduction in soybean root growth and nodulation was a function of foliar impact. They found no direct effect of ozone on the roots or soil systems surrounding the roots. 

This section of this paper reports on a detailed study of the organic compounds in the Delaware River. Since most of our previous studies have dealt with isolated chemical plants on small rivers, we felt it would be instructive to study a complex river system surrounded by several large-scale chemical manufacturers. This would give us information on the effluents from several industrial dischargers, the relative persistence of chemical discharged from any single source, and the movement of these industrial chemicals in a major river ecosystem. 

Cross-sectional view of a cell of Rhodospirillum rubrum, a purple photosynthetic bacterium. A double-membrane system surrounds the cell. The inner membrane is extensively invaginated into tubules (arrows). These look circular when they are cut in cross section. (Courtesy of Dr. Gerald Peters.)... 

Calculate the total entropy change of the universe (system + surroundings). 

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