Leukocyte interferon

Leukocyte Interferon [former USAN] Interferons, alpha- [CAS alpha is Greek letter] Interferon, leukocyte-derived [SY]... 

Influena vims, polypeptides, HIC of, 30 Insulin, 221, reversed-phase HPLC of, 243 Interferon, leukocyte, chromatography of, II, 13... 

Interferon (IFN) differs from bona fide antiviral diugs since it is a natural defense protein of the host organism and does not directly interfere with the viral replication steps. Interferons are small glycoproteins inducing immune modulatory and antiviral activities. They are secreted by lymphocytes, leukocytes and fibroblasts in response to foreign nucleic acids (dsRNA). 

Cellular cytokines (interferons, G-CSF) and immune response modifiers originally produced from human cells, most often leukocytes, have now been replaced with recombinant products with well-defined structure/function. Futuristic advances in experimental hematology portend development of human blood cells produced from the hemopoetic stem cells. Yet for the foreseeable future, homologous blood donated by healthy, altruistic voluntary blood donors remains the principal source of safe and adequate supply of blood and blood products for transfusion therapy. 

Nagata S, Taira H, Hall A, Johnsrud L, Streuli M, Ecsodi J, Boll W, CanteU K, Weissmann C (1980) Synthesis in E. coli of a polypeptide with human leukocyte interferon activity. Nature 284 316-320... 

Goeddel D.V., Yelverton E., Ullrich A, Heyneker H.L., Miozzari G., Holmes W., Seeburg P.J., Dull T., May L, Stebbing N., Crea R., Maeda S., McCandliss R, Sloma A, Tabor J.M., Gross M., Eamilletti P.C. Pestka S. (1980) Human leukocyte interferon produced by E. coli is biologically active. Nature, 287,411-416. 

Up until the 1970s interferon was sourced (in small quantities) directly from human leukocytes obtained from transfused blood supplies. This interferon preparation actually consisted of a mixture of various IFN-as, present in varying amounts, and was only in the regions of 1 per cent pure. However, clinical studies undertaken with such modest quantities of impure interferon preparations produced encouraging results. 

Brassard, D.L., Grace, M. J., and Bordens, R.W. 2002. Interferon-alpha as an immunotherapeutic protein. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 71(4), 565-581. 

Schroder, K., Hertzog, P.J., Ravasi, T., and Hume, D.A. 2004. Interferon gamma an overview of signals, mechanisms and function. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 75(2), 163-189. 

Young, H. and Hardy, K. 1995. Role of interferon-yin immune cell regulation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 58,... 

Alferon N Injection IFN alfa-n3, human leukocyte derived Interferon Sciences, Inc. 

Gutterman, J.U., Fine, S., Quesada, J., Homing, S.J., Levine, J.F., Alexanian, R., Bernhardt, L., Kramer, M., Speigal, H., Colburn, W., Trown, R, Merigan, T. and Dziewanawska, Z. (1982). Recombinant leukocyte A interferon Pharmacokinetics, single-dose tolerance, and biological effects in cancer patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 96 549-556. 

Cassatella, M. A., Bazzoni, F., Calzetti, F., Guasparri, I., Rossi, F., Trinchieri, G. (1991). Interferon-/transcriptionally modulates the expression of the genes for the high affinity IgG-Fc receptor and the 47-kDa cytosolic component of NADPH oxidase in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 22079-82. 

Anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro and in vivo was also found in wogonin and baicalein (Fig. 4), the major active constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria radix.More recently, Blach-Olszewska et al investigated the effect of baicalein and wogonin on two important mechanisms of innate immunity The secretion of cytokines, and the natural resistance of human leukocytes to viral infection. The results obtained indicate that these fiavonoids modulate cytokine production, that is they inhibit interferons-a and -y, and stimulate tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin production. They also augment the resistance of peripheral blood leukocytes to the vesicular stomatitis virus. 

Blach-Olszewska Z, Jatczak B, Rak A, Lorenc M, Gulanowski B, Drobna A, Lamer-Zarowska E. (2008) Production of cytokines and stimulation of resistance to viral infection in human leukocytes by Scutellaria baicalensis) flavones. J Interferon Cytokine Res 28 571-581. 

Interferons (IFN) are glycoproteins that, among other products, are released from virus-infected cells. In neighboring cells, interferon stimulates the production of "antiviral proteins." These inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins by (preferential) destruction of viral DNA or by suppressing its translation. Interferons are not directed against a specific virus, but have a broad spectrum of antiviral action that is, however, species-specific. Thus, interferon for use in humans must be obtained from cells of human origin, such as leukocytes (IFN-a), fibroblasts (IFN-P), or lymphocytes (IFN-y). Interferons are also used to treat certain malignancies and autoimmune disorders (e.g., IFN-a for chronic hepatitis C and hairy cell leukemia IFN-p for severe herpes virus infections and multiple sclerosis). 

Abs, Antibodies CD, celiac disease EM, endomysial antibodies GFD, gluten-free diet HLA-DQ2, human leukocyte antigen ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule IFN, interferon IL, interleukin Lab laboratory tTG, tissue transglutaminase antibodies. 

Karau, C., Pongpaibul, Y, and Schmidt, PC., Quantitative evaluation of human leukocyte interferon-entrapped in liposomes, Drug Delivery, 3, 59-62, 1996. 

Young, H. Hardy, K. (1995). Role of interferon-y in immune cell regulation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 58, 373-379. Zavyalov, V. Zavyalova, G. (1997). Interferons ajp and their receptors — place in the hierarchy of cytokines. APMIS 105(3), 161-186. 

The enhanced production of the cytokines called interferons is one of the body s earliest responses to a viral infection. These endogenous proteins exert potent antiviral, immunoregulatory, and antiproliferative effects and are classified according to the cell type from which they were initially derived. Interferon-a (type I, leukocyte) and interferon (3-(3 (type I, fibroblast) are synthesized by most types of cells in response to viral infection, certain cytokines, and double-stranded RNA. Interferon-y (type II, immune) is produced by natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes in response to antigens, mitogens, and certain cytokines. Interferon-a and interferon-(3 exert the most potent antiviral effects interferon-y is antiviral and strongly immunomodulatory. 

Natural interferons produced by human leukocytes, recombinant interferons produced in bacteria, and recombinant interferons conjugated to monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG pegylated interferons) are available in the United States. The various preparations may be administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, or intralesionally (e.g., into genital warts). Natural or recombinant interferons typically achieve peak plasma levels within 4 to 8 hours of subcutaneous... 

Interferons (IFN)—cytokines that modulate ( interfere with) leukocyte function... 

Grosser, I., Production of interferon by suspension of human leukocytes. Proc Soc Biol Med, 1961.108 799-83. 

Tamura, M., and S. Sasakawa, Induction of human leukocyte interferon by heat-treated poly I poly C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1983.110(3) 851-8. 

Wheelock, E.F., Interferon likevirus inhibitor induced in human leukocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Science, 1965. 139 310-12. 

Cantell, K., S. Hirvonen, K.E. Mogensen, and L. Pyhala, Human leukocyte interferon production, purification, stability, and animal experiments. In vitro Monogr, 1974. 3 35-8. 

Rubinstein, M., S. Rubinstein, PC. Familletti, R.S. Miller, A.A. Waldman, and S. Pestka, Human leukocyte interferon production, purification to homogeneity, and initial characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1979.76(2) 640-4. 

Rubinstein, M., WP. Levy, J.A. Moschera, C.Y. Lai, R.D. Hershberg, R.T. Bartlett, and S. Pestka, Human leukocyte interferon isolation and characterization of several molecular forms. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1981. 210(1) 307-18. 

---