Insurance recommendations

Spacing Requirement Insurance Industry Recommendations Petroleum Industry Average Difference from Insurance Recommendations Average Distance for All... 

American Insurance Association (AIA) 85 John Street New York, NY 10038 Handbook of Industrial Safety Standards, AssoersiXionoi Q2LSuS. ty 2iad Surety Companies, New York, 1962. Compilation of industrial safety requirements based on codes and recommendations of the ANSI, the National Eire Protection Association (now part of AIA), the ASME, and several government agencies. 

In the case of particulate fouling, one of the more common types, insuring a sufficient flow velocity and minimizing areas of lower velocities and stagnant flows to help keep particles in suspension is the most common means of deahng with the problem. For water, the recommended tubeside minimum velocity is about 0.9 to 1.0 m/s. This may not always be possible for moderate to high-viscosity fluids where the resulting pressure drop can be prohibitive. 

IRI. Recommended Good Practice for the Protection of Electronic Data Processing and Computer Controlled Industrial Processes. Industrial Risk Insurers, Hartford, CT. 

Aljout 70 ml. of acid is required. A 25-ml. excess of 12 N Hiilfiiric acid is recommended in order to insure the acidity of the mixUirc. 

General recommendations for spacing General Recommendations for Spacing in Refineries, Petrochemical Plants, Casoline Plants, Terminals, Oil Pump Stations and Offshore Properties (Oil Insurance Association, No. 361)... 

Figure 1. Available pressure drop may in some cases dictate acceptance of a lower maximum velocity, but at least 75 m/s is recommended to insure good dispersion. Flare tips consisting of a simple open-ended pipe with a single pilot are subject to flame lift-off and noise problems at lower velocities, and should therefore be designed for a maximum velocity of 50 m/s.

Define plant areas handling hazardous and lethal materials and set rules for design considerations, such as ventilation, explosion walls, etc. Flammable storage materials may require enclosed dikes, foam systems and the like. Refer to National Board of Fire Underwriters or specific insurance company to coordinate recommended protection. Attaway has details on many points to consider. 

Recommended Good Practice for Safeguarding Flammable Liquids, Factory Insurance Assoc., Hartford, Conn. 

There is a legal requirement upon most employers to have in force employer s liability insurance covering injury to their employees. Public liability insurance, while not compulsory, is strongly recommended, both in terms of third-party liability (arising from the effects of corporate activities) and product liability (arising from the effects of corporate products. 

Shell boilers are supplied with controls making them suitable for unattended operation, although the insurance companies to comply with safety recommendations call for certain operations such as blowdown of controls. 

Clinical trials are costly to conduct, and results are often critical to the commercial viability of a phytochemical product. Seemingly minor decisions, such as which measurement tool to use or a single entry criterion, can produce thousands of dollars in additional costs. Likewise, a great deal of time, effort and money can be saved by having experts review the study protocol to provide feedback regarding ways to improve efficiency, reduce subject burden and insure that the objectives are being met in the most scientifically sound and cost-effective manner possible. In particular, I recommend that an expert statistician is consulted regarding sample size and power and that the assumptions used in these calculations are reviewed carefully with one or more clinicians. It is not uncommon to see two studies with very similar objectives, which vary by two-fold in the number of subjects under study. Often this can be explained by differences in the assumptions employed in the sample size calculations. 

A designer of relief systems must be familiar with governmental codes, industrial standards, and insurance requirements. This is particularly important because local government standards may vary. Codes of particular interest are published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Petroleum Institute, and the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Specific references have already been cited. It is recommended that relief designers carefully consider all codes and, where feasible, select the one that is most suited to the particular installation. 

The spacing recommendations for process layout have been presented in literature as matrixes and lists of the typical minimum distances between different process items (Industrial Risk Insurers (1991) Bausbacher and Hunt (1993) Prugh (1982)). A suitable distance to another process item depends mostly on the safety properties of the process items. The clearance required for maintenance and access determine usually shorter spacings compared to safety clearances. In some references access and maintenance clearances are given separately. Therefore it can be assumed that the average of the recommended equipment spacings is mostly related to the general unsafety of a specific process item. 

A general application of loss prevention practices is considered prudent both by insurers and petroleum companies, so overall, all facilities are required to achieve the corporate protection standards. In fact the premium of insurance is normally based on the level of risk for the facility after an insurance engineer has "surveyed" the facility. Isolated cases may appear where less fixed protection systems are provided in place of manual fire fighting capabilities, however the general level of overall loss prevention level or risk is maintained. Insurers will also always make recommendations for loss prevention improvements where they feel the protection levels are substandard and the risk high. Where they feel the risk is too high, they may refuse to underwrite certain layers of insurance or charge substantial additional premiums for reinsurance requirements. 

Fire Protection. Fire protection facilities should be provided in accordance with the American Insurance Association s recommendations. If the fire pumps are a part of such facilities, their operation shall not be affected by emergency shutdown facilities. 

Requirements at Entrance and the Curriculum Framework. The curriculum Is rather simple and straightforward. Formal entry requires a Master s degree In a field within the natural sciences, engineering, or public health. Preferably the Master s would Include a strong, Independent thesis effort. The Intent of this requirement Is to Insure that the student have (and retain) competence within an established discipline. Students are carefully selected from applicants on the basis of prior performance, test scores, recommendations, and Interviews, and thus with a goal of selecting synergistic combinations of Intellect, aptitude, and motivation likely to lead to success. 

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