Insects moths

Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5.28, the number of amino acid differences between two cytochrome c sequences is proportional to the phylogenetic difference between the species from which they are derived. The cytochrome c in humans and in chimpanzees is identical human and another mammalian (sheep) cytochrome c differ at 10 residues. The human cytochrome c sequence has 14 variant residues from a reptile sequence (rattlesnake), 18 from a fish (carp), 29 from a mollusc (snail), 31 from an insect (moth), and more than 40 from yeast or higher plants (cauliflower). 

Abstract Pheromones are utilized by many insects in a complex chemical communication system. This review will look at the biosynthesis of sex and aggregation pheromones in the model insects, moths, flies, cockroaches, and beetles. The biosynthetic pathways involve altered pathways of normal metabolism of fatty acids and isoprenoids. Endocrine regulation of the biosynthetic pathways will also be reviewed for the model insects. A neuropeptide named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide regulates sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Juvenile hormone regulates pheromone production in the beetles and cockroaches, while 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates pheromone production in the flies. 

Like many other insects, moths attract mates by long-distance pheromones. Females produce these pheromones in specialized abdominal glands. Chemically, they are acetates, often active in precise mixtures of geometric isomers. Males fly upwind, following the females pheromone plume to the somce, and mating ensues. In a typical experiment, a female moth, or just the pheromone, serves as odor source. An air current from that source helps to attract males who fly upwind to the pheromone source and attempt to mate. With this technique, we can compare the effects of known pheromones from different, related species on one species (species specificity). We can also test the attractiveness of different compounds that are stracturally similar to a known pheromone. In the laboratory, a wind tunnel, where available, is ideal, for this experience. 

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is a solvent and coupling agent for a phosphate-type insecticide used to control the gypsy moth. Esters of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol are used in preparations employed as insect repeUents. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is also used as a solvent—carrier for an EPA-approved paper sHmicide formulation. In this appHcation, the exceptional solvent action of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol prevents separation of the... 

Resistance to Microorganisms and Insects. Resistance of triacetate to microorganisms, based on soil-burial tests, is high, approaching that of polyester, acryUc, and nylon fibers. Sod-burial test results on acetate, triacetate, and cotton are shown in Figure 8. Neither acetate nor triacetate fiber is readdy attacked by moths or carpet beedes. 

Mass releases of sterile male insects have produced dramatic reductions in the populations of the Mediteranean fmit dy Ceratitis capitata in California beginning in 1981 when 40 million sterile dies were released weekly and in the codling moth Cjdiapomonella in isolated apple orchards in the Pacific Northwest. 

Other food lures which have had practical use ia trapping insect pests include isoamyl saUcylate [87-20-7] for moths of the tomato and tobacco homworms, Manduca spp. heptyl butyrate [5870-93-0] for stinging yeUowjackets, Vespula spp. and l-octene-3-ol [3391-86-4] for the bloodsucking tsetse dies, Glossina spp. 

Motten-pulver, n, moth powder, insect powder, -schutz, m, moth prevention, mothproofing, -schutzmittel, n, moth preventive, mothproofing agent, mottensicher, a. mothproof,... 

Behavioral and Hormonal Chemicals. Sex pheromones, which attract pests to traps, are used effectively to control some insect pests, like the grape berry moth (46) and cabbage looper. With other Insect pests, sex pheromones have been effectively used to monitor the size of pest insect populations to determine when pesticide treatments should be made. 

This is the first example of a reaction for which the presence of a chelating ligand was observed to facilitate rather than retard metal-catalysed epoxidation (Gao et al., 1987). It was found that the use of molecular sieves greatly improves this process by removing minute amounts of water present in the reaction medium. Water was found to deactivate the catalyst. All these developments led to an improved catalytic version that allows a five-fold increased substrate concentration relative to the stoichiometric method. Sensitive water-soluble, optically active glycidols can be prepared in an efficient manner by an in situ derivatisation. This epoxidation method appears to be competitive with enzyme-catalysed processes and was applied in 1981 for the commercial production of the gypsy moth pheromone, (-1-) disparlure, used for insect control (Eqn. (25)). 

The widespread use of economic poisons has a definite impact on the animal complex on the face of the earth which provides our sustenance. Already we have seen the use of DDT for codling moth control on apples result in a relatively minor pest becoming a serious threat. The same material used as a wonder spray for fly control now fails, after a couple years of common usage, with the appearance of new, resistant strains of flies. Bees and other pollinating insects as well as helpful predators or parasites may be decimated and their important aid be lost by untimely or improper use of most of the newer insecticides. 

The use of plant extracts for insect control dates into antiquity the use of Paris green as an insecticide for control of the Colorado potato beetle in 1867 probably marks the beginning of the modern era of chemical control of injurious insects. The development of lead arsenate followed later in the nineteenth century for gypsy moth control. The commercial production of nicotine insecticides, the production of calcium arsenate at the time of the first world war, and the use of fluorine, arsenical, and cyanide compounds, as well as other inorganic chemicals for insect control, were important steps in pest control. These chemicals were applied largely by dilute high pressure sprays or dusts. 

Geigy s mothproofing agent was a stomach poison for moths and other keratin-eating insects. It had a strong affinity for woolens, was harmless to warm-blooded animals and people, and had no offensive odor. As a chlorinated hydrocarbon, it was extremely persistent despite exposure to light and moisture. 

By the beginning of the 1990s, houseflies, Colorado potato beetles, cockroaches, peach aphids, cabbage moths and several other insect species became insensitive to all the insecticides used. 

---