Phylogenetic differences

Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5.28, the number of amino acid differences between two cytochrome c sequences is proportional to the phylogenetic difference between the species from which they are derived. The cytochrome c in humans and in chimpanzees is identical human and another mammalian (sheep) cytochrome c differ at 10 residues. The human cytochrome c sequence has 14 variant residues from a reptile sequence (rattlesnake), 18 from a fish (carp), 29 from a mollusc (snail), 31 from an insect (moth), and more than 40 from yeast or higher plants (cauliflower). 

Figure 2. Universal phylogenetic tree determined from rRNA sequence comparisons. A matrix of evolutionary distances (99) was calculated from an alignment (260) of representative 16S RRNA sequences from each of the three urkingdoms. The length of the lines is proportional to the phylogenetic difference. (Reproduced with permission from ret 16. Copyright 19. American Society for Microbiology.)...

Gefen, E. and Ar, A. (2004). Comparative water relations of four species of scorpions in Israel evidence for phylogenetic differences../. Exp. Biol., 207, 1017-1025. 

It has long been known that specific antibodies can be extracted from the eggs of immunized chickens. The particular specificity of avian antibodies is that they appear phylogenetically different from mammalian and are also structurally different. 

Phillips, C. J., Smith, Z., Emhley, T. M., and Prosser, J. I. (1999). Phylogenetic differences between particle-associated and planktonic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the heta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 779-786. 

The third discovery was that isochore patterns showed phylogenetic differences. The most striking difference concerned the genomes of warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. 

Phylogenetic differences to hyperoxia were reported by SoMAYAjuLu et al. (1978) who exposed chickens to 100 % oxygen at 1 atm pressure for prolonged periods and did not find any pathological... 

The grouping of these two groups of alkaloids together can be justified on a certain structural resemblance and on a derivation from the same amino acids. But they are derived along apparently different pathways appropriate to the phylogenetically different plants which produce the two groups of alkaloids. 

We found that Type n, but not Type I -agatoxins inhibited [l Sljo-CTX binding to chick synaptosomsd membranes and blocked Ca entry through these channels at concentrations some 30x lower than -CTX. This finding demonstrated that the -agatoxins not only were structurally distinct, but that they also detected phylogenetic differences in calcium channels. These experiments also led us to re-test all fractions... 

GAR 11] Gareeva P., Silby M.W., Raaijmakers J.M. et al., Transcriptional and antagonistic responses of Pseudomonas fluorescens pfO-1 to phylogenetically different bacterial competitors . The ISME Journal, vol. 5, pp. 973-985,2011. 

The antigenicity of a protein depends on its structure and size. It is also related to the degree of phylogenetic difference between the origin of the immunogen and the animal species used for immunization. 

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