Pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide

Abstract Pheromones are utilized by many insects in a complex chemical communication system. This review will look at the biosynthesis of sex and aggregation pheromones in the model insects, moths, flies, cockroaches, and beetles. The biosynthetic pathways involve altered pathways of normal metabolism of fatty acids and isoprenoids. Endocrine regulation of the biosynthetic pathways will also be reviewed for the model insects. A neuropeptide named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide regulates sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Juvenile hormone regulates pheromone production in the beetles and cockroaches, while 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates pheromone production in the flies. 

PBAN Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide PGN PBAN-encoding gene neuropeptides SEG Subesophageal ganglion yne Triple bond... 

In moths, it was discovered in Helicoverpa zea that a peptide produced in the subesophageal ganglion portion of the brain complex regulates pheromone production in female moths (19). This factor has been purified and characterized in three species, Helicoverpa zea (20), Bombyx mori (21, 22), and Lymantria dispar (23). They are all a 33- or 34-amino acid peptide (named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, PBAN) and have in common an amidated C-terminal 5-amino acid sequence (FXPRL-amide), which is the minimum peptide fragment required for pheromon-tropic activity. In the redbanded leafroller moth, it was shown that PBAN from the brain stimulates the release of a different peptide from the bursae copulatrix that is used to stimulate pheromone production in the pheromone gland found at the posterior tip of the abdomen (24). 

Using the C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P as a model compound, each one of cycloscan diversity parameters have been shown to affect the conformation and hence the biological activity of the peptide.1417,470,4711 This approach has been successfully applied to various peptides such as somatostatin,14191 the insect neuropeptide pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN),1420,4311 BPTI,14351 and on the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the HIV-1 matrix protein (MA),14291 and HIV-1 Tat/Rev.14301... 

QH CH CO pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide N° or on Lys(e-NH2) with 4-BzC6H4(CH2)2C02Su [154]... 

Raina and Klun, 1984), but it wasn t until 1989 that the structure of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) was elucidated (Raina et al., 1989). The rapid advances in this area in the last decade are chronicled by Rafaeli and Jurenka (Chapter 5). 

Kitamura A., Nagasawa H., Kataoka H., Inoue T., Matsumoto S., Ando T. and Suzuki A. (1989) Amino acid sequence of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PB AN) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 520-526. 

Another technique that is utilized to help ensure that label is incorporated into the pheromone is to apply the precursor at the same time as pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). PBAN is a peptide hormone that regulates pheromone biosynthesis in most, but not all, moths. So, first it must be demonstrated that PBAN regulates pheromone production. In the case of the cabbage looper,... 

Jurenka R. A., Jacquin E. and Roelofs W. L. (1991) Control of the pheromone biosynthetic pathway in Helicoverpa zea by the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 17, 81-91. 

Altstein M., Ben-Aziz O., Daniel S., Schefler I., Zeltser I. and Gilon C. (1999a) Backbone cyclic peptide antagonists, derived from the insect pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, inhibit sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. J. Biol. Chem. 274,17573-17579. 

Choi M. Y., Tanaka M., Kataoka H., Boo K. S. and Tatsuki S. (1998a) Isolation and identification of the cDNA encoding the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide and additional neuropeptides in the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 759-766. 

Davis M. B., Vakharia V. N., Henry J., Kempe T. G. and Raina A. K. (1992) Molecular cloning of the pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide in Helicoverpa zea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 142-146. 

Duportets L., Gadenne C. and Couillaud F. (1999) A cDNA, from Agrotis ipsilon, that encodes the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and other FXPRL peptides. Peptides 20, 899-905. 

Fabrias G., Marco M.-P. and Camps F. (1994) Effect of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide on sex pheromone biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis isolated glands. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 27, 77-87. 

Fabrias G., Barrot M. and Camps F. (1995) Control of the sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway in Thaumetopoea pityocampa by the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25, 655-660. 

Fonagy A., Matsumoto S., Uchhiumi K., Orikasa C. and Mitsui T. (1992b) Action of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide on pheromone glands of Bombyx mori and Spodoptera litura. J. Pest. Sci. 17, 47-54. 

Fonagy A., Schoofs L., Matsumoto S., DeLoof A. and Mitsui T. (1992c). Functional cross-reactivities of some locustamyotropins and Bombyx pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. J. Insect Physiol. 38, 651-657. 

Gazit Y., Dunkelblum E., Ben-Aziz O. and Altstein M. (1992) Immunochemical and biological analysis of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in Heliothis peltigera. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 19, 247-260. 

Golubeva E., Kingan T. G., Blackburn M. B., Masler E. P. and Raina, A. K. (1997) The distribution of PBAN (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide)-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34, 391-408. 

Ichikawa T., Hasegawa K., Shimizu I., Katsuno K., Kataoka H. and Suzuki A. (1995) Structure of neurosecretory cells with immunoreactive diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zool. Sci. 12, 703-712. 

Jacquin-Joly E., Burnet M., Frangois M., Ammar D., Meillour P. and Descoins C. (1998) cDNA cloning and sequence determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide of Mamestra brassicae a new member of the PBAN family. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 251-258. 

Amino acid sequence of pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PB AN) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 520-526. 

Kuniyoshi H., Nagasawa H., Ando T., Suzuki A., Nachman R. J. and Holman G. M. (1992b) Cross-reactivity between pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and myotropic pyrokinin insect peptides. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56,167-168. 

Lee J. M., Choi M. Y., Han K. S. and Boo K. S. (2001) Cloning of the cDNA encoding pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) a new member of the PBAN family. GenBank Direct submission. 

Ma P. W. K., Knipple D. C. and Roelofs W. L. (1998) Expression of a gene that encodes pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in the central nervous system of com earworm, Helicoverpa zea. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 373-385. 

Rafaeli A. and Gileadi C. (1999) Synthesis and biological activity of a photoaffinity-biotinylated pheromone-biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) analog. Peptides 20, 787-794. 

Rafaeli A., Soroker V., Kamensky B. and Raina A. K. (1990a) Action of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide on in vitro pheromone glands of Heliothis armigera females. J. Insect Physiol. 36, 641-646. 

Raina A. K., Kempe, T. G. and Jaffe H. (1991) Pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide Regulation of pheromone production in moths. In Insect Neuropeptides Chemistry, Biology and Action, eds J. J. Menn, T. J. Kelly and E. P. Masler, pp. 100-109. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

Sato Y., Ikeda M., Yamashita O. (1994) Neurosecretory cells expressing the gene for common precursor for diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in the subesophageal ganglion of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen. Comp. Endocrin. 96, 27-36. 

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