Insects codling moth

Mass releases of sterile male insects have produced dramatic reductions in the populations of the Mediteranean fmit dy Ceratitis capitata in California beginning in 1981 when 40 million sterile dies were released weekly and in the codling moth Cjdiapomonella in isolated apple orchards in the Pacific Northwest. 

The widespread use of economic poisons has a definite impact on the animal complex on the face of the earth which provides our sustenance. Already we have seen the use of DDT for codling moth control on apples result in a relatively minor pest becoming a serious threat. The same material used as a wonder spray for fly control now fails, after a couple years of common usage, with the appearance of new, resistant strains of flies. Bees and other pollinating insects as well as helpful predators or parasites may be decimated and their important aid be lost by untimely or improper use of most of the newer insecticides. 

Baculoviruses are generally named after the insect from which they were first isolated. For example, Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) was isolated initially from codling moth larvae and Anagrapha falcifera nuclear polyhedrovirus (AfNPV) was isolated from the alfalfa looper. This nomenclature is now widely accepted but it often conceals the number of insects that can be infected and the preferred insect host of the virus. 

Carbaryl is a broad-spectrum insecticide that controls as many as 50 species of insects such as aphids, codling moths, plum curculios, leafhoppers, bollworms, armyworms, and boll weevils but is ineffective against houseflies, certain aphids, and spider mites. It is mainly used to control insects on cotton, apples, pears, and vegetables. Its oral LD50 in rats is 500-700 mg/kg. 

Timing insect-control methods. White arrows follow the life cycle of the codling moth from the pupation of overwintering larvae in spring through 2 full generations to the end of summer. Black arrows indicate when to use various control methods to coincide with the vulnerable phase in the insect s life cycle. 

Beneficial Effect important native parasites of pests such as codling moths, elm bark beetles, cabbageworms, hornworms, corn borers, armyworms, aphids, and others. Some species attack flies and other insects. 

The most effective application technique for lepidopteran species is to permeate the atmosphere with synthetic pheromone, and to thereby prevent olfactory communication and mate finding. The mating disruption technique has been successfully applied in Europe to three lepidopteran insects from horticultural crops codling moth Cydia pomonella, and the grape berry moths Eupoecilia ambiguella and Lobesia botrana [132, 133]. 

Many baculoviruses126 (i.e., insect viruses) are species-specific. They have been used for the successful control of the gypsy moth, velvet bean caterpillar (on 5.9 million ha of soybeans in Brazil), cotton bollworm, codling moth (on apples, pears, and walnuts), rhinoceros beetle, potato tuber moth, sawflies, and porina moth.127 The gypsy moth was introduced into the United States in Massachusetts from Europe in 1869. It defoliates many trees if there are no checks on its population. The war against it has often used diflubenzuron ( dimilin1 ) (11.20), which affects many nontarget species.128... 

Almost all the sex pheromones are mixtures. They have to be to be enough for the thousands of insect species. The mixture used to disrupt the mating of the codling moth consists principally of (E,E) 8, 10-dodecadien-l-ol, with minor amounts of dodecan-l-ol, ( )-9-dodecen-l-ol, and tetradecan-l-ol (11.31).155... 

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