Endocrine regulation

Lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) cause anorexia, whereas ablation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) cause a hyperphagic obesity syndrome. Consistent with these results, LHA neurons express the orexigenic neuropeptides MCH and orexin. PVN neurons produce several neuropeptides that are anorex-igenic when administered directly into the brain (CRH, TRH, oxytocin), in addition to their better known roles as endocrine regulators. LHA and PVN receive rich inputs from axons of NPY/AgRP and aMSH/CART-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus. 

Somatostatin acts on various organs, tissues and cells as neurotransmitter, paracrine/autocrine and endocrine regulator on cell secretion, smooth muscle contractility, nutrient absorption, cell growth and neurotransmission [1]. Some of its mainly inhibitory effects are listed in Table 1. Somatostatin mediates its function via a family of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors termed... 

Breipohl W., ed. (1982). Olfaction and Endocrine Regulation (ECRO Symposium, 4), IRL Press, London, p. 409. 

Keveme E.B, (1983). Pheromonal influences on the endocrine regulation of reproduction. Trends Neurosci 6, 381-384. 

Abstract Pheromones are utilized by many insects in a complex chemical communication system. This review will look at the biosynthesis of sex and aggregation pheromones in the model insects, moths, flies, cockroaches, and beetles. The biosynthetic pathways involve altered pathways of normal metabolism of fatty acids and isoprenoids. Endocrine regulation of the biosynthetic pathways will also be reviewed for the model insects. A neuropeptide named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide regulates sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Juvenile hormone regulates pheromone production in the beetles and cockroaches, while 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates pheromone production in the flies. 

It appears that, in beetles, pheromone production is regulated by JH III, despite the variations in biosynthetic pathways. JH apparently regulates pheromone production in beetles that utilize both fatty acid and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways [8,98]. Environmental and physiological factors will in turn regulate production of JH. The endocrine regulation of pheromone production in the beetles has been best studied with regard to the bark beetles. 

The biosynthesis of Me3,Mel 1-29 H takes place in oenocyte cells, released into the hemolymph and transported by lipophorin to peripheral tissues (Fig. 7) [71, 231, 232]. Direct evidence for oenocytes biosynthesizing hydrocarbon has come recently with the dissociation of oenocytes from epidermal cells and in vitro incubation with labeled propionate [233]. Differential uptake of some hydrocarbons in different tissues has also been documented although the exact mechanism behind the differential placement of hydrocarbons is unknown [20,128,230,232,234]. Although the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons may not be under direct endocrine regulation supply of precursor hydrocarbon that is converted to the sex pheromone is a requirement. 

Szamel I, Hindy I, Vincze B, Eckhardt S, Kangas L, Hajba A (1994) Influence of toremifene on the endocrine regulation in breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 30 154-158... 

In this chapter we will review the basic aspects of endocrine regulation of breast tissue growth and development. The relationship between genetics, estrogen exposure, and breast cancer risk will be discussed, and preclinical and clinical experience in the use of SERMS for both prevention and adjuvant treatment of ER-positive breast cancer will be reviewed and put in perspective. 

Carriere R. 1969. The growth of liver parenchymal nuclei and its endocrine regulation. Int Rev Cytol 25 201-277. 

Bridges, R. S. 1990. Endocrine regulation of parental behavior in rodents. In Mammalian Parenting. N. A. Karsnegor and R. S. Bridges. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 93-117. 

The biosynthesis and endocrine regulation of pheromone production in beetles has been reviewed [33, 34]. Nevertheless, some more general pathways will be briefly discussed here. As corresponding structures are widespread among insects [2], the examples shown here are selected mostly from taxa other than beetles. Structures representing beetle pheromones will be shown in the context of the discussion of the corresponding species. 

The central adrenergic system. It is only recently that immunohistochemical methods have been developed to show that adrenaline-containing cells occur in the brain. Some of these cells are located in the lateral tegmental area, while others are found in the dorsal medulla. Axons from these cells innervate the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. While the precise function of adrenergic system within the brain is uncertain, it may be surmized that adrenaline could play a role in endocrine regulation and in the central control of blood pressure. There is evidence that the concentration of this amine in cerebrospinal fluid... 

Sanchez-Criado, J. E. (1982). Involvement of the vomeronasal system in the reproductive physiology of the rat. In Olfaction and Endocrine Regulation, ed. W. Breipohl, pp. 209-217. London IRL Press. 

Blomquist, G. J., Tillman-Wall, J. A., Guo, L., Quilici, D. R., Gu, P. and Schal, C. (1993). Hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon-derived sex pheromones in insects biochemistry and endocrine regulation. In Insect Lipids Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology, eds. 

Schal, C., Burns, E. L. and Blomquist, G. J. (1990b). Endocrine regulation of female contact sex pheromone production in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Physiological Entomology 15 81-91. 

Tillman, J. A., Seybold, S. J., Jurenka, R. A. and Blomquist, G. J. (1999). Insect pheromones an overview of biosynthesis and endocrine regulation. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 29 481-514. 

Replacement Therapy. Testosterone and other androgens are administered as replacement therapy when the endogenous production of testosterone is impaired. Such conditions include removal of the testes (orchiectomy), various intrinsic forms of testicular failure (cryptorchidism, orchitis), and problems in the endocrine regulation of testosterone production, such as lack of LH production and other forms of hypogonadism.32,144... 

Genuth SM. Endocrine regulation of the metabolism of calcium and phosphate. In Berne RM, Levy MN, eds. Physiology. 3rd ed. St Louis Mosby Year Book 2000. 

Leibson, L.G. (1972). Metabolism and its endocrine regulation in fish of different locomotion activity (In Russian). Zhumal Evolutsionnoy Biochimii i Physiologii 8, 280-288. 

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