Apples orchards

Mass releases of sterile male insects have produced dramatic reductions in the populations of the Mediteranean fmit dy Ceratitis capitata in California beginning in 1981 when 40 million sterile dies were released weekly and in the codling moth Cjdiapomonella in isolated apple orchards in the Pacific Northwest. 

Bishop CA, Boermans HJ, Ng P, et al. 1998. Health of tree swallows Tachycineta Bicolor nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. I. Immunological parameters. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 55 531-559. 

Mayne GJ, Bishop CA, Martin PA, Boermans UJ, Hunter B. 2005. Thyroid function in nestling tree swallows and eastern bluebirds exposed to non-persistent pesticides and p, p -DDE in apple orchards of southern Ontario, Canada. Ecotoxicology 14 381-396. 

Use pattern Terbacil is a substituted uracil herbicide used primarily to control annual and perennial grass and broadleaved weeds in apple orchards, alfalfa, asparagus, mint and sugar cane. Other minor uses include blueberries, strawberries and seed grasses... 

Table 2 Diazinon concentrations in gastrointestinal tracts of avian species inhabiting apple orchards following multiple treatments...

G.P. Cobb, L.W. Brewer, E.H.H. Hoi, and C.M. Bens, Diazinon dissipation from vegetation in apple orchards from Pennsylvania and Washington, in ACS Symposium Series Eield Dissipation of Agrochemicals, ed. E. Authur, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. In press. 

More actinomycetous isolates were obtained from soils with a high organic matter content than from sandy soils with low organic matter (Table I). Sample I, collected under black locust trees, and sample P, collected under fescue sod in a young apple orchard, yielded the most isolates. Fewest isolates were obtained from sample A, which contained little organic matter due to having previously been burned, and samples C, H, and U, all sandy soils with low organic matter content. 

To establish the level of selenium on and in the peel of selenium-sprayed apples, samples were collected from five commercial Jonathan apple orchards and eight commercial Delicious apple orchards by representatives of the packing warehouses and submitted to the laboratory for analysis. The sampling and analytical procedure used for these samples was identical to that used for the samples reported in Table II. Sufficient fruit was available for duplicate analysis of most of the samples. 

Robinson, T.L. (2003). Apple orchard planting systems , in Ferree D.C. and Warrington I.J. Apples Botany, Production and Uses, CABI Publishing, Oxon and Cambridge-MA, 345 108. 

Fed pine voles (Microtuspinetorum) containing 38 mg Pb/kg whole-body FW (from apple orchards treated with lead arsenate) for 60 days vs. controls fed uncontaminated laboratory mice (Mus musculus)... 

Stendell, R.C., W.N. Beyer, and R.A. Stehn. 1989. Accumulation of lead and organochlorine residues in captive American kestrels fed pine voles from apple orchards. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 25 388-391. 

Glover, J.D., Reganold, J.P. and Andrews, P.K. 2000. Systematic method for rating soil quality of conventional, organic and integrated apple orchards in Washington State. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 80 29-45. 

Hartley, M.J., Rahman, A, Harrington, K.C. and James, T.K. 2000. Assessing ground covers in a newly planted apple orchard. New Zealand Plant Protection 53 22-27. 

Manici, L.M., Ciavatta, C., Keldere, M. and Erschbaumer, G. 2003. Replant problems in South Tyrol role of fungal pathogens and microbial population in conventional and organic apple orchards. Plant and Soil 256 315-324. 

Apple production systems Washington, USA 1994 O, L, C Apple orchard Reganold et al. 2001... 

The HDE on hands of thinners working in an apple orchard treated with carbaryl correlated with total extractable residues from apple leaves (r=0.99). The loss of residues of carbaryl on apple leaves was found to occur by 2 first-order processes 87% of the residue was lost with a half-life of 8 days, and the rest with a half-life of 45 days. 

Comer et al. (2) therefore evaluated the effect of exposure to carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) on formulating plant workers and on workers applying carbaryl to fruit orchards with a tractor-drawn air-blast sprayer. However, information was still needed on the persistence of carbaryl in apple orchards and on the resultant exposure of workers who re-enter treated orchards. Further, no studies had been done on other types of crops. The present study was undertaken to determine the exposure of agricultural workers to carbaryl as a function of type of formulation, application equipment, application method, and type of work performed (i.e., mixer-loader, applicator, flagman, bystander, and apple thinners). 

Heeney, H.B., V. Warren, and S.U. Kahn (1981a). Effects of annual repeat applications of simazine, diuron, terbacil and dichlobenil in a mature apple orchard. Can. J. Plant Sci., 61 325-329. 

Hogue, E.J. and W. Peters (1994). Weed control in a newly planted high density apple orchard. Acta Hortic., 147-151. 

Skroch, W.A. and E.E. Chambers (1967). Weed control in apple orchards. Proc. South Weed Control Conf., 20 126-129. 

Sullivan, T.P. and E.J. Hogue (1987). Influence of orchard floor management on voles and pocket gopher populations and damage in apple orchards. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 112 972-977. 

Szkolnik, M., and Gilpatrick, J.D. 1969. Apparent resistance of Venturia inaequalis to dodine in New York apple orchards. Plant Dis. Rep. 53 861-864. 

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