Insects leafhoppers

Imidocloprid [105827-78-9] l-[(6-chloro-3-pytidinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imida2ohdininiine (4) (bp 137—144°C, vp 0.2 )J.Pa at 20°C) is soluble to 0.51 g/L. It is a synthetic nicotinoid with both contact and systematic activity against aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and other sucking insects. The rat LD qS are 424 male, 475 female (oral), and 5000 (dermal) mg/kg. 

Kaolin clay Surround Apple maggot, leafhopper, pear psylla, plum curculio Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide, insect growth regulator... 

Secondary Hazards Crop debris Mechanical Vectors (contaminated containers farm implements wash water) Vectors (Colorado potato beetle flea beetle leafhoppers sucking insects such as aphids). 

In addition to the leafhoppers and Mexican bean beetle there are other insects which, when their damage is taken collectively, constitute an important loss in bean production. These insects are the apion pod weevils, Apion spp., Dmbrotica spp., white flies, Trioleurodes spp., and leaf miners, Chalepus signaticollis Baly. It has been found that when the proper insecticides are applied correctly to a good stand of beans the use of insecticides is profitable to the grower. 

Bystrum et al. first described morphologic changes in leaf surface waxes of table beet exposed to photochemical oxidants these changes were different from those associated with aphid feeding. Comparison of oxidant injury with that produced by insects has since received attention from Hibben, who found that ozone injury to the leaves of four tree species produced smaller flecks, randomly spaced and darker than fleck injury along veins induced by a mesophyll-feeding leafhopper. 

The apparent orientation of insect stylets to the vascular bundles caused by hydrogen ion concentrations was first reported by Fife and Frampton ( ). The leafhoppers fed mainly in the phloem tissue, which had a substantially higher pH than the surrounding plant cells. Other discriminating criteria for phloem-feeding insects have been indicated, including carbohydrate concentration (10) and positive hydrostatic pressure (11). 

Hooked trichomes on the French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris have been reported to capture a diverse group of insect species including the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (17), and the aphids, Myzus perslcae (18), Aphis fabae (19), and Aphis craccivora (20)1 A recent study has shown that the major factor... 

There are hundreds of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in agricultural and household use. Two important examples are malathion, an organophosphorus compound, and carbaryl, a carbamate, both shown in Figure 15.20. Malathion kills a variety of insects, such as aphids, leafhoppers, beetles, and spider mites. Carbaryl, like many other carbamates, is relatively selective in the types of insects it kills. 

Uses soil application of insecticide to control root flies, root worms and other soil insects in vegetables foliar application to control Colorado beetles on potatoes scale insects and mite eggs on citrus fruit stem borers and leafhoppers on rice, maize and sugar cane and white flies on cotton aside from control of mosquito larvae, it is also used as acaricide and animal ectoparasiticide. 

Uses Disulfoton is a yellowish oil. It is grouped by the USEPA under RUP and therefore must be handled by qualified and trained applicators. Disulfoton is a selective systemic insecticide and acaricide. It is specifically effective against sucking insects and is used to control aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, beet flies, spider mites, and coffee leaf-miners. Disulfoton products are used on cotton, tobacco, sugar beets, cole crops, com, peanuts, wheat, ornamentals, cereal grains, and potatoes.28... 

Uses Trichlorfon is a pale, clear, white, or yellow crystalline solid with an ethyl ether odor. It is a solid at room temperature. Trichlorfon is grouped by the USEPA under GUP. Trichlorfon is used for the control of a variety of insect pests, (e.g., cockroaches, crickets, silverfish, bedbugs, fleas, cattle grubs, flies, ticks, leafminers, leafhoppers). It has extensive use in agriculture, applied to vegetable, fruit, and field crops. 

Pests are controlled by actively encouraging, releasing and monitoring beneficial insects and organisms. The Fetzers plant plum trees all around the vineyards to attract the tiny parasitic wasp Anagrus that feeds on leafhoppers. Companion plants such as mustard, crimson clover and sunflowers are planted in rows alternating with permanent covers in the other rows across the entire vineyard to attract other beneficial insects. And ladybirds are introduced to feed on aphids. 

Triazophos is a broad-spectrum insecticide and acaricide with some nematocidal activity. It is used for control of aphids, beetles, foliar-feeding larvae, fruit flies, leafhoppers, leafminers, scales, soil insects, whiteflies, and nematodes in fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Its oral LD50 in rats is 57-59 mg/kg. 

Dimethoate is a systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach poison activity for control of a wide range of insects such as aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, white-flies, and mites in apples, corn, cotton, citrus, ornamentals, vegetables, and others. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 235 mg/kg. 

Methamidophos is an insecticide and acaricide for control of chewing and sucking insects and spider mites such as aphids, flea beetles, whiteflies, cabbage loopers, thrips, cutworms, Colorado potato beetles, armyworms, mites, leafhoppers, and others on vegetables, cotton, potatoes, and fruits. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 250-500 mg/kg. 

Carbaryl is a broad-spectrum insecticide that controls as many as 50 species of insects such as aphids, codling moths, plum curculios, leafhoppers, bollworms, armyworms, and boll weevils but is ineffective against houseflies, certain aphids, and spider mites. It is mainly used to control insects on cotton, apples, pears, and vegetables. Its oral LD50 in rats is 500-700 mg/kg. 

Nicotine, an alkaloid, is extracted from leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum and Nic-otiana rustica). It is used in home gardens and greenhouses for control of sucking insects such as leafhoppers, aphids, scales, thrips, and whiteflies. However, the use of nicotine is rapidly declining and is being replaced by newer synthetic insecticides because of its comparatively high mammalian toxicity. Its oral LD50 in rats is 55 mg/kg. 

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide with contact and stomach poison activity for control of sucking insects including aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, thrips, and whiteflies, and soil insects, termites, and some species of biting insects. It has an oral LD30 in rats of 450 mg/kg. 

Nitenpyram is used for control of aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, white flies, and other sucking insects. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 1680 mg/kg. 

Insects generally do not cause yield loss in organic soybeans. Occasional browsing by grasshoppers, leafhoppers, and bean leaf beetles rarely... 

Leafhoppers are a species of insects in the family Cicadellidae, order Homoptera, a group that also includes the cicadas, whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects. There are about 20,000 species of leafhoppers, including about 2,500 species in North America. 

Leafhoppers are rather small insects, the largest being no more than 0.5 in (13 mm) in body length, but... 

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