Aphids control

Set out the traps anywhere in the garden. Be sure the trap is exposed enough that insects will see it and be able to fly into it. Put the trap on a box or stand if plants are growing densely. Monitor this type of trap carefully to make sure you are not catching beneficial parasitic wasps in the water. If you find parasitic wasps, stop using the traps. The wasps are probably providing sufficient aphid control. 

Aphid midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza Over 60 species of aphids. Apply 250 cocoons in a small garden or greenhouse or use 3-5 cocoons per plant repeat in 2 weeks use 5-20 cocoons per fruit tree. Reliable except in dry, windy areas not suitable for melon aphid control. 

The need to control aphids with crop protection chemicals is evident from the difference in yield loss between treated and untreated crops (6). (see Table-II). A wide variety of insecticides are currently available for aphid control but an ideal insecticide should have new chemistry, biological selectivity, good mammalian toxicology profile, aphicidal spectrum and efficacy at low use rate, and safety toward beneficial insects. RH7988 has more of these desirable properties than the currently available aphicidal insecticides. 

RH7988 RELATIVE DOWNWARD SYSTEMICnY FOR APHID CONTROL... 

Azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, endosulfon, fenvalerate, malathion, and phosalone showed no aphid control by xylem-translocation. 

In a subsequent soil systemic greenhouse trial, we compared RH7988 with aldicarb for long-term aphicidal efficacy by at-planting soil treatment of tobacco. The results (Table X) showed RH7988 to be equivalent to aldicarb providing excellent aphid control throughout the one month test period. 

Northern Ireland and the hill areas of England and Wales where substantial seed potato enterprises still continue. The main advantages of these areas ate that the low temperatiues and strong winds keep aphid populations in check. This means that the severe virus diseases (leaf roll and the mosaics) which are spread from diseased to healthy plants by aphids, are less likely to occur. However, recent advances in aphid control and concerns over the quality of seed from some traditional areas have seen successful seed production extended to some of the English arable areas as a profitable break in predominantly cereal and break crop rotations. As with other forms of seed production the certifying authority in England and Wales is FERA, for Scotland SASA (Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture) and DARD in Northern Ireland. In all cases the same basic Seed Potato Classification Scheme (SPCS) obtains. 

In agriculture, the average benefit/cost ratio from insecticide use ranges from 3 to 5 return for every 1 invested by the farmer(s). There are many examples where the return is much greater. In California, treatment of sugarbeets with granular phorate systemic insecticide to control the aphid and... 

Methoprene and hydroprene are first-generation juvenoids that iacorporate minor stmctural optimisation of neotenin to increase persistence. Methoprene, 1-isopropyl (E,E)-ll-methoxy-3,7,ll-tnmethyl dodecadi-2,4-enoate (129) (bp 100 C/6.7 Pa, vp 3.5 mPa at 25°C), is soluble ia water to 1.4 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >34,000 mg/kg. Methoprene has been used as a mosquito larvicide, ia baits for ant control, and as a catde feed-through treatment for horn fly control. Hydroprene, methyl (H,H)-3,7,ll-trimethyl-dodecadi-2,4-enoate (130) (bp 174°C at 2.5 kPa, vp 2.5 mPa at 25°C), is soluble ia water to 0.54 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >34,000 mg/kg. Hydroprene is especially effective against aphids and cockroaches. 

Sodium selenate has been used on a small scale in commercial greenhouses, primarily for growing carnations and chrysanthemums. It is transformed by the plants into volatile selenides, which repel red spiders, mites, thrips, and aphids (see Insect control technology). Sodium selenite is not intended for crops which could ultimately be used as food for humans or domestic animals. 

Azinphos-methyl is unstable in basic conditions and can degrade to benzazimide, hydroxymethyl-benzazimide, mercaptomethylbenzazimide or bis(benzazimide-A/-methyl) sulfide Azinphos-methyl is an organophosphorus insecticide used to control chewing and sucking mites and insects such as aphids and scale. Azinphos-methyl has both contact and stomach action. Azinphos-methyl is a cholinesterase inhibitor and interferes with the nervous system... 

Parathion has been recommended in the state of Washington (3) for the control of various species of mites and orchard aphids. Wettable powders, containing 15 or 25% of parathion, have been used at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water on an experimental basis and from 0.25 to 0.5 pound on a commercial basis. 

Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide is a colorless oil, completely soluble in water, benzene, acetone, and many other common organic solvents except the paraffinic hydrocarbons. Its hydrolysis rate has not been measured, but it appears stable in the absence of alkali. In England, this systemic insecticide has been used to control aphids on hops. There it has been calculated that only a negligible quantity of the poison ultimately may find its way into the beer made from the hops. Despite calculations of this sort, the use of octamethyl pyrophosphoramide on food or fodder crops in this country is definitely not to be recommended. However, it may prove useful if properly applied to control certain insects, especially those attacking ornamental plants, such as rosebushes, and possibly on the cotton aphid and grape phylloxera. The compound has only recently been made available experimentally. 

DDT at 10 pounds per acre to control the bollworm, boll weevil, cotton fleahopper, tarnished plant bug, rapid plant bug, and some species of cutworms and thrips. (On cotton just up it was found that only 0.07 pound per acre of aldrin, applied as an emulsion, was necessary for the control of cutworms and thrips.) Significantly, no increase in aphid population was noted following the use of the aldrin-DDT mixture (4). 

Efficient control of stinging and sucking insects prevents the creation of pathways for fungal penetration (e.g. Ostrinia nubilalis in maize, aphids in cereals). 

Faba bean, Vicia faba cultured hydroponically with nutrient solutions containing 100 mg Cu/L for 24 days shoots analyzed before (day 4) and after (day 24) 20-day infestation by the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Controls were raised Aphid infestation caused a significant reduction in copper content of shoots from 51 mg Cu/kg DW to 17 mg/kg copper in control was 25 mg/kg DW prior to aphid infestation and 14 mg/kg after 20-day infestation 3... 

The following systemic insecticide (XX) has been used in England to control aphids on hops ... 

Szeto SY, Mackenzie JR, Vernon RS, et al. 1983b. The degradation of disulfoton in lettuce after application for control of the lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley). J Environ Sci Health B18(6) 725-731. 

The presence of aphids, Toxoptera graminum (Rondani) and Macrosiphum granarium (Kirby), on wheat during March and April has caused considerable alarm to wheat farmers in central Mexico. It has been found, however, that in the majority of cases the aphids do not represent a serious economic problem. Naturally occurring predators are able to reduce the aphid populations rapidly. For cases in which this natural biological control is not effective it has been found that benzene hexachloride (BHC) applied as a dust gives good control of these pests. 

Sooty mold is sometimes troublesome by causing an unsightly appearance of the fruit. The mold growth follows the feeding of mealy bugs and aphids on the inside of the fingers of the bunch of bananas and is usually not seen until the fruit is ready for sale. Economic field control measures should be developed. 

Bunchy-top, a virus, is epidemic in Australia and the Pacific Islands but has not spread from that area. Control of the banana aphid vector and roguing of infected plants has so far kept this pest under control. 

The oriental fruit fly and the banana aphid vector of bunchy-top have so far been found only in the Pacific, the former as far east as Hawaii and the latter in Australia. Control measures for the fruit fly are insecticidal sprays and biological control. Bunchy-top is being held under control with insecticide spray of banana aphids and roguing of diseased plants. 

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