Parasitic wasp

Bagneres, A.-G., Lorenzi, M.-C., Dusticier, G., Turillazzi, S. and Clement, J.-L. (1996a). Chemical usurpation of a nest by paper wasp parasites. Science, 272, 889-892. 

Sledge, M.F., Dani, F.R., Cervo, R., Dapporto, L. and Turillazzi, S. (2001). Recognition of social parasites as nest-mates adoption of colony-specific host cuticular odours by the paper wasp parasite Polistes sulcifer. Proc. R. Soc. B, 268, 2253-2260. 

Lorenzi, M.C. (2003). Social wasp parasites affect the nestmate recognition abilities of their hosts (Polistes atrimandibularis and P. biglumis, Hymenoptera Vespidae). Insectes Soc., 50, 82-87. 

Recognition of social parasites as nest-mates Adoption of colony-specific host cuticular odours by the paper wasp parasite Polistes sulcifer. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 

A wasp, parasite of leafhoppers A wasp, parasite of aphids used in protected crops A wasp, parasite of aphids used in protected crops Predatory midge, consumer of aphids in protected crops Entomophagus lacewing larva... 

A wasp, parasite of leaf miners used in protected crops A wasp, parasite of leaf miners... 

A wasp, parasite of glasshouse whitefly—most widely used Ladybird consumer of aphids and other pests A wasp, parasite of mealybugs used in horticultural and fruit crops... 

A wasp, parasite of soft scales used in orchards and in protected crops... 

Predatory bug. A number of species are used for control of thrips Spider mite consuming mite, used in protected crops A number of species of wasp, parasitic of Lepidotera in protected crops Used against mosquito larvae... 

Braconid wasps parasitize leafroller caterpillars, codling moth caterpillars, leafminer caterpillars, mealy apple aphid, green apple aphid. 

Chalcidid wasps parasitize leafroller eggs and caterpillars, codling moth caterpillars, plum leafroller caterpillars, fruit tortricid caterpillars, San Jose scale, woolly aphids and small ermine moths. 

Bee, honey, worker Apis mellifera) Wasp, paper-nest Polistes variatus), queen Wasp, parasitic Caraphractus cinctus) 137 (158-171) 105 (147-176) 120 (87-134) 149 0.005... 

Pimentel, D, 1966. Wasp parasite (Nasaria vitripennis) survival on its fly host (Musca domestica) reared on various foods. Ann. Entomol. Soc, Amer. 59 1031-1038. 

A prominently expressed gene family in many parasitic nematodes bears similarity to allergens present in vespid (e.g. wasp) venom. For example, the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum expresses high levels of this protein when larvae are activated to invade (Hawdon et al., 1996). Similar genes are found in B. malayi (R.M. Maizels and J. Murray, 1999,... 

This chapter reviews the literature of semiochemical (mostly pheromone) identification in Hymenoptera published since 1990. For this review, we separate the order Hymenoptera into the following three, somewhat overlapping, classes to reflect their differences in biology and semiochemistry solitary, parasitic, and social (Table 1). Although there is considerable literature on the semiochemical activity of specific glandular extracts and the chemical composition of specific glands, only those chemicals with demonstrated pheromonal (or semiochemical) activity will be specifically discussed here. The earlier literature of pheromones in social hymenoptera has previously been reviewed [4-6]. There have been more recent reviews of pheromones in social hymenoptera [7-10], parasitic wasps [11,12], sawflies and seed wasps [13,14], and mating pheromones across Hymenoptera [15]. 

All of the suborder Symphyta and many species in the superfamily Aculeata in the suborder Apocrita are solitary insects. Although not requiring the complex semiochemistry of parasitic or social insects, solitary insects employ pheromones for mating, territorial marking, and host marking. Unfortunately, very few of these have been chemically identified. The pheromones of sawflies and seed wasps were extensively reviewed in 1999 [ 14]. The semiochemicals recently identified in solitary hymenoptera, discussed below, are summarized in Table 2 and Fig. 1. 

Quicke DLJ (1997) Parasitic wasps. Chapman and Hall, London... 

Significant developmental and physiological changes are induced in the parasitized host insect phenomena that have been generally described as evidence of wasp-induced "host regulation" or "parasite-directed host manipulation" (8-10). The biological and biochemical... 

In a permissive host, not all immature wasps are successful in surviving the host s defenses, indicating that selection pressures bearing on the survival strategies of both insects involve some balance that favors the parasite. To the extent that failed endoparasite development is not due to... 

Parasitoid wasps are the most widely studied group of insect parasites. Female wasps lay an egg(s) on or in an insect and the progeny develop utilizing that insect as their sole food source, eventually killing the host. Female parasitoids tend to be host specific and typically exploit a specific host immature life stage (e.g., egg, larvae, or pupae). Most parasitoid wasps are relatively small. Females actively seek out multiple hosts and can find and parasitize host insects in cryptic habitats. There is a wide range of species that attack stored-product insects and a considerable body of research on these natural enemies, only some of which are covered here [see Godfray (1994) for more information on parasitoids and Brower et al. (1995) and Scholler and Flinn (2000) for reviews of information specifically on stored product parasitoids]. 

Cline, L.D. and Press, J.W. 1990. Reduction in almond moth (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) infestations using commercial packaging of foods in combination with the parasitic wasp, Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera Braconidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 1110-1113. 

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