Crimson clover

Crimson Clover Legume Annual Aug. 15 Sept. 15 1/2 lb. Does well in mixture of ryegrass. Hard seed may germinate over several years. 

Pests are controlled by actively encouraging, releasing and monitoring beneficial insects and organisms. The Fetzers plant plum trees all around the vineyards to attract the tiny parasitic wasp Anagrus that feeds on leafhoppers. Companion plants such as mustard, crimson clover and sunflowers are planted in rows alternating with permanent covers in the other rows across the entire vineyard to attract other beneficial insects. And ladybirds are introduced to feed on aphids. 

A short section written by James Duke is presented with the titled Quack Salad and Cancer (Bricklin, 1976, pp. 249,250). Based on folklore as per Jonathan Hartwell s findings, and for those who might like to five dangerously, the list consists of absinthe, arnica, atriplex, beet, black walnut, borage, calendula, celery, chicory, chive, chufa, colocynth, crimson clover, crown vetch, cucumber, cumin, flax, garlic, hot pepper, hcorice, onion, peanut, poke salad, safflower, salvia, tamarind, tansy, tea, and tomato. No curative claims are made, but over half are said to have compounds that have been useful in cancer treatments. 

From an agricultural viewpoint. Piper and Pieters classify leguminous green manure crops as (1) summer annuals, chiefly soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, beans, velvet beans, common vetch and field peas (2) winter annuals, including hairy vetch, common vetch, crimson clover, bur clover, field peas and red clover (in the south) and (3) biennials or perennials, comprising red clover, alsike clover, white clover, alfalfa and sweet clover. Each of these crops is adapted more or less definitely to a limited region. 

App et al. (1956) summarize studies with market-garden soils conducted at Seabrook, New Jersey, with ryegrass, wheat,- rye and barley, grown alone or with crimson clover, and fertilized with 0, 60 and 120-lb. per acre of nitrogen. These crops are turned under in March or April. In one year wheat that received 120 lb. of nitrogen produced a yield of... 

Younts and York Jr. (1956), similarly, failed to demonstrate any pronounced effect of deep placement of lime and fertilizer upon plant growth or upon root activity. Com yields were unaffected by the deep placement but crimson clover yields were increased somewhat. 

Constit. of Astragalus lusitanicus, Orixa japonica. Trifolium incarnatum (crimson clover) and Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean). 

Abstract This chapter describes the underlying criteria and assumption in the development and execution of field and associated laboratory bioassays. It provides details and commentary regarding the materials and methods used. More specifically, describes how glyphosate-desiccated wheat and other cover crops (crimson clover, subterranean clover, and rye) in no-till systems can directly and indirectly influence morningglory, pigweed, and prickly sida seedling emergence, with emphasis on the role of phenolic acids in plant residues and soil. 

Plant tissues/residues of wheat Triticum aestivum L. Coker 916 or 983 or Southern States 555 ), rye Secale cereale L. Abruzzi ), crimson clover Trifolium incamatum L. Tibbee ), and/or subterranean clover (T. subterranean L. Mount Barker ) were collected from litter bags half buried (i.e., the lower half of the bag was located within the soil) in the field plots (Blum et al. 1991) or from the soil surface (Blum 1997 Lehman and Blum 1997 Staman et al. 2001), freeze-dried, and stored in the dark at room temperature. The freeze-dried plant tissues/residues were ground just before analysis in a Wiley mill (20,40 or 60 mesh screen) and then extracted and analyzed by several different procedures ... 

Fig. 3.2 Cover crops before they were desiccated with glyphosate (a) crimson clover (front right), subterranean clover (front left), wheat (back right) and rye (back left-, Blum et al. 1997). Wheat plots after they were desiccated with glyphosate (b) shoots cut and uncut and reference plot in the right-hand comer (Blum et al. 2002)...

Fig. 3.10 Effects of a 7-phenolic acid solution modeled after phenolic acids found in wheat stub-ble/soybean (no-till) soil extracts (pH 5) on radicle and hypocotyl lengths of crimson clover as modified by solute potential of PEG (polyethylene glycol a r = 0.61) and Hoagland s solution (b r = 0.37) based on freezing point depression (mOsm, mUliosmoles) of solutions. The 7-phenohc acid mixture was composed of 10% caffeic acid, 9% ferulic acid, 35% p-coumaric acid, 15% p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4% sinapic acid, 10% syringic acid, and 17% vanillic acid. Figures based on regressions from Blum et al. (1992). Plenum Publishing Corporation, regressions used with permission of Springer Science and Business Media...

A variety of glyphosate-desiccated cover crops (crimson clover Trifolium incar-natum L. Tibbee ), subterranean clover (T. subterranean L. Mount Barker ), rye (Secale cereale L. Abruzzi ) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Cocker 983 )) were... 

Crimson and subterranean clovers are composed primarily of leaves, petioles, and runners (stolons) while wheat and rye are composed primarily of leaves and stems. The clovers have a taproot and primary, secondary, and tertiary roots while the grasses have primarily adventitious roots. Upon desiccation, crimson clover aboveground residue either remained erect or formed dense tangles of petioles and runners resulting in a mosaic of open and covered soil surfaces. Subterranean clover residue formed a very thin dark brown mat that covered the surface. Rye residue quickly formed a thick dense mat that covered most of the soil surface. Most of the wheat residue remained initially erect resulting in considerable open soil surface area. The amount of open soil surface area, however, varied with wheat density and time of glyphosate desiccation. As wheat stalks fell over and/or shattered after glyphosate desiccation, the open soil surface area was reduced with time and eventually eliminated. 

Soil compaction determined for no-till plots on July 5 in 1993 with a soil penetrometer found that only reference plots (28 2 mm penetration) and rye plots (40 2 mm penetration) were significantly different (Blum et al. 1997). Dramatic differences would not be expected since these were all one season no-till plots. No significant differences were observed for the incorporated cover crop plots. Minimum and maximum penetration for these plots ranged from 40 3 (wheat) to 53 4 (crimson clover) mm. Soil pH, determined approximately biweekly for the experimental period, was not modified by the presence of the various cover crops. Mean pH values ranged from 4.8 to 5.2. 

Lehman and Blum (1997) found that the mean C/N ratios of cover crop residues were 51, 32, 15, and 12 for rye, wheat, crimson clover and subterranean clover, respectively. The C/N ratios of the soils, however, were not significantly modified in 1993 (only year determined). The values ranged from 9 to 19 with a mean of 13.5 0.13 (Blum et al. 1997). Both Iritani and Arnold (1960) and Hannsen and Van Schreven (1955) have suggested that a C/N ratio of 20 is the approximate threshold between mineralization and immobilization of N in soil by nucroorgan-isms. The mean value of 13.5 for these soils suggests that in most instances the soils in 1993 were probably not nitrogen limited. 

Soil nitrate-N values, however, were modified by the presence of the cover crops. In 1992 the means for soil nitrate-N determined at two points in time (May 12 and June 19) were as follows no-till plots without cover crops (reference plots) 3.25 1.11 tig/g soil, crimson clover plots 4.82 0.85 p,g/g soil, subterranean clover plots 9.44 1.58 p,g/g soil, rye plots 1.71 0.04 p,g/g soil, and wheat plots 0.80 0.16 rg/g soil (Blum et al. 1997). In 1993 (April desiccation) the means for soil nitrate-N determined at three points in time (May 31, June 14, and July 5) were as follows no-till plots without cover crops (reference plots) 18 5 p,g/g soil, crimson clover plots 34 7 p,g/g soil, subterranean clover plots 50 12 p,g/g soil, rye plots 13 3 rg/g soil, and wheat plots 22 5 p,g/g soil (Blum et al. 1997). For May desiccation these values were as follows no-till plots without cover crops (reference plots) 18 5 p.g/g soil, crimson clover plots 22 5 p,g/g soil, subterranean clover plots 50 13 p.g/g soil, rye plots 11 3 p,g/g soil, and wheat plots 14 5 p,g/g soil. The differences in nitrate-N between 1992 and 1993 were due partly to carry over ... 

Total phenolic acid content of the cover crops taken at monthly intervals from the field after glyphosate desiccation declined over time. However, the decline of total phenolic acid content for rye and wheat residues was not evident until 2 months after glyphosate desiccation (Lehman 1993). After 4 months the total phenolic acid content of the cover crops had declined by 31, 36, 38, and 56% for wheat, crimson clover, rye, and subterranean clover, respectively (Lehman 1993). Estimates of ferulic acid for sterilized (autoclaved) cover crop residues extracted with 0.25 M... 

All total phenolic acid values in ferulic acid equivalence were determined by water-autoclave extraction and the Folin Cicoltaeu s phenol reagent approximately biweekly during the 1992 and 1993 experimental periods. Mean total phenolic acid for the upper 2.5 cm of the soil in 1992 were as follows plots without cover crops (reference plots) 41 1 rg/g soil (mean standard error), crimson clover plots 55 1 JLg/g soil, subterranean clover plots 58 1 p,g/g soil, rye plots 50 1 irg/g soil, and wheat plots 45 1 rg/g soil (Fig. 3.14 Blum et al. 1997). In 1993 soil total phenolic acid values for the upper 2.5 cm of the soil were higher than in 1992 (Fig. 3.14 Blum et al. 1997). The values for the April glyphosate desiccated plots were plots without cover crops (reference plots) 62 2 t,g/g soil, crimson clover plots 83 4 jtg/g soil, subterranean clover plots 83 3 t,g/g soil. 

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