Insects Colorado potato beetle

Insect species Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata 0.03... 

The introduction of the Colorado potato beetle into various European countries has created a potential market for insecticides. Its recent spread into Germany and Poland has been followed by a marked increase in the use of various kinds. The past history of this insect indicates that steadily increasing amounts of insecticides will be needed annually in order to control it. 

The use of plant extracts for insect control dates into antiquity the use of Paris green as an insecticide for control of the Colorado potato beetle in 1867 probably marks the beginning of the modern era of chemical control of injurious insects. The development of lead arsenate followed later in the nineteenth century for gypsy moth control. The commercial production of nicotine insecticides, the production of calcium arsenate at the time of the first world war, and the use of fluorine, arsenical, and cyanide compounds, as well as other inorganic chemicals for insect control, were important steps in pest control. These chemicals were applied largely by dilute high pressure sprays or dusts. 

By the beginning of the 1990s, houseflies, Colorado potato beetles, cockroaches, peach aphids, cabbage moths and several other insect species became insensitive to all the insecticides used. 

Secondary Hazards Crop debris Mechanical Vectors (contaminated containers farm implements wash water) Vectors (Colorado potato beetle flea beetle leafhoppers sucking insects such as aphids). 

Mnlches also rednee numbers of some insects, snch as Colorado potato beetles, by preventing their emergence from the soil where they overwintered and by slowing their migration from weedy overwintering sites to plants in the garden. 

A new form of Bt, sold as M-one , is effective against Colorado potato beetles. Other forms of the bacterium are being investigated and may soon be available to control additional insects. 

Scott IM, Jensen H, Scott JG, Isman MB, Arnason JT, Philogene BJR, Botanical insecticides for controlling agricultural pests Piperamides and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae), Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 54 212—225, 2003. 

The long range orientation of most other Insects In response to chemical attractants Is not nearly as clear. The olfactory orientation of the Colorado potato beetle has been studied In considerable detail by Vlsser and coworkers. 

MOller found DDT to be remarkably effective against a variety of arthropods, including flies, mosquitoes and other insects, as well as the Colorado potato beetle. The discovery earned Mttller the 1948 Nobel award in chemistry. 

Consequently, it will be important for future research to examine at least two aspects of this work to elucidate the mechanism of action of precocenes on larvae of bugs, and to find whether the reported sterilization of adult female insects and the reported indue tion of diapause in Colorado potato beetles (31) involve a similar mechanism of action. 

Methamidophos is an insecticide and acaricide for control of chewing and sucking insects and spider mites such as aphids, flea beetles, whiteflies, cabbage loopers, thrips, cutworms, Colorado potato beetles, armyworms, mites, leafhoppers, and others on vegetables, cotton, potatoes, and fruits. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 250-500 mg/kg. 

Flucycloxuron is an acaricide/insecticide for control of spider mites, rust mites on grapes, pome fruit, stone fruit, and ornamentals. It is also active against Colorado potato beetle larvae and a number of lepidopterous insects. It has an oral LD50 in rats of >5000 mg/kg. 

Chlorfenapyr is used on cotton, vegetables, and ornamentals to control whiteflies, thrips, caterpillars, mites, leafminers, aphids, and Colorado potato beetles. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 441 mg/kg. This compound is not registered for cotton insect control in the United States because of potential hazards to bird reproduction. 

Cartap hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum insecticide used for control of coleopterous, lepidopterous, and sucking insects, especially Colorado potato beetles, diamondback moths, rice stem borers, and thrips on rice and vegetables. Its oral LD30 in rats is 345 mg/kg. 

Evidence of the involvement of proctolin in the regulatory mechanisms of insect nerve-muscle systems has continued to grow and the remainder of this section discusses these more recent developments and their significance. Proctolin-like immunoreactive (PLI) neurons have been detected in the blowfly, Calliohora ervthrocephala (27) the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (28) and the fruitfly larvae, Drosophila melanomaster (29). In the blow fly, 80-90 neurons in the brain-suboesophageal complex were fo md to be PLI. The thoracic ganglia, by comparison, contained 100-130 PLI neurons, while the abdominal section had only... 

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