Pest control in agriculture

Tlie use of As comjiounds as herbicides and pest controls in agriculture is now considerably restricted because of environmental considerations though arsenic acid itself. AsO(OH).v, is still used in die formulation of wood preservatives. The oxide is widely used to decolorize glass. 

Trialkyltin and triaryltin compounds possess powerful biocidal properties. These are manifested to a high degree only when the tin atom is combined directly with three carbon atoms, as in trialkyl compounds (R3SnX) biocidal effects are at a maximum when the total number of carbon atoms attached to Sn is 12. These compounds are used as fungicides, insecticides and as pest control in agricultural applications29. 

The study of organophosphorus chemistry began more than 130 years ago. However, these substances found practical application only after World War II. At present the most widespread application for organophosphorus compounds is pest control in agriculture. Biological activity is characteristic of the following derivatives of phosphorus organic acids ... 

This chapter sets out to give an outline of the complementary pest-control methods that exist, and to provide further details on some in common use in selected situations. Pest control in agriculture and public health is an extensive field, and it is not possible here to present a full account of the multiplicity of methods used. For further detail, the reader should consult one of a number of standard texts on the subject (e.g. Mallis, 1982 Metcalf and Luckmann, 1982 Scopes and Stables, 1989 Pimentel, 1991 Bell et al 1996). 

Nowadays, there are three appUcation methods used for pest control in agriculture and forestry monitoring, mass trapping and mating disruption. 

California, one of the first states to recognize the need for control, enacted legislation in 1901 governing the sale of insecticides. This was later broadened to include, under the term economic poisons, all materials used for pest control. In the almost 50 years of regulating these materials in California the law, which is the Economic Poisons Article of the Agricultural Code, has been modified from time to time, but the basic purpose has been to prevent sale of worthless products, to provide for adequate labeling, and to assure users that the products correspond to guarantee. 

The need for pest control in tropical crops is definitely on the increase, and this is brought out in the papers of this symposium. These by no means cover this important subject. Omission of discussion of many crops from this program does not depreciate their importance, but time does not allow their inclusion. Literature on pesticide control of tropical crops is accumulating in many scattered publications—for example, tea culture has been adequately covered by Lamb and others in World Crops for May 1954. It is hoped that this symposium will pave the way for future discussions of this important subject. Pest control in tropical agriculture is a challenge to both the scientist and the manufacturing chemist. 

Olson KR (1994) Paraquat and diquat. In Olson KR et al. (eds), Poisoning and drug overdose, 2nd ed. Appelton and Lange, Norwalk CT, pp. 245-246 Ordish G (2007) History of agriculture Beginnings of pest control. In Encyclopedia Britannica. 

The relatively recent development of isoparaffinic fractions from petroleum has resulted in experimental products of a very low order of toxicity to plant tissues. Initial studies have also indicated that selected isoparaffinic fractions are of a high order of toxicity to some insects or their eggs. The future development of isoparaffinic oils may result in new and important contributions to pest control on agricultural crops. 

Spiders are an important order of carnivorous arachnids having a great impact on many ecosystems. Because most of their prey consists of insects, they can play an important role in controlling pest insects in agricultural crops. There are currently about 36000 described species, out of an estimated overall number of 60000-80000 species (Platnick, 1999). Unlike the situation with insects (Francke and Schulz, 1999), pheromones and other semiochemicals of arachnids, and especially spiders, have received little attention from researchers. What information is available on the use of semiochemicals by spiders will be reviewed and discussed in this chapter. 

Brust, G.E. and B.R. Stinner (1991). Crop rotation for insect, plant pathogen and weed control. In D. Pimentel, ed., CPC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, 2nd edn. Boca Raton CRC Press, pp. 217-236. 

As with human disease vectors, so DDT succeeded initially with some of the major agricultural pests. By the early 1970s over 4 billion pounds of the insecticide had been used--approximately 80j> of it on agricultural crops. It was also in wide use for pest control in home flower and vegetable gardens, and domestically as protection against moths and carpet beetles. 

Uses Chlordane is a viscous, amber-colored liquid. Technical-grade chlordane is a mixture of many structurally related compounds including trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, chlordane, heptachlor, and /ran.v-nonachlor.14,15 Chlordane was used as a broad-spectrum pesticide in the United States from 1948 to 1988. Its uses included termite control in homes and pest control on agricultural crops (e.g., com, citrus, home lawns, gardens, turf, ornamental plants). 

Organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides became the major agent in pest control in the 1960s. They were extensively used in developed countries agriculture and in malaria, and other vector controls in developing countries [1]. 

Weed control in agriculture is very important as a high percentage of weed causes a high crop reduction, even more than pests. While in ancient times people were dependent on removing weed by hand, today s weed control is managed by synthetic and natural substances. Since synthetic substances for weed control cause the same environmental and health problems as synthetic substances for pest control, natural substances such as essential oils seem to be highly preferable (Dayan et al., 2009). 

A. E. Smith, D. M. Secoy. Plants used for agricultural pest control in western Europe before 1850. Chem Ind, 1981, 12, 1981. 

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