Insect cotton

Tests of dieldrin against cotton pests have not been as extensive, but the Mississippi 1950 Cotton Insect Control Recommendations state that it kills a larger proportion of immature weevils in squares than any other insecticide tested thus far and is considered very promising for cotton insect control (4). 

Taylor, J. S. (1932). Report on cotton insect and disease infestation. II. Notes on the American boll worm (Heliothis obselata F.) on cotton and its parasite (Microbracon brevicornis Wesm.). Scientific Bulletin of Research in Agriculture and Forestry of the Union of South Africa, vol. 113. 

XVth Annual Conference Report on Cotton Insect Research and Control, Memphis (Tennessee), January 9—10, 1962. 

Heptachlor was in extensive use until the 1970s for the control of certain soil-inhabiting insects that attack com and other field crops, cotton insects, grasshoppers, and for the treatment of crop seeds. Along with other cyclodiene insecticides, heptachlor is uniquely suited for termite control. Since 1988, it has not been used for the control of termites, but it is permitted for commercial use in the United States for fire ant control in power transformers.24 Nonachlor is a by-product created during the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor. 

Brushwood, D.E. and Perkins, H.H., Jr., Variations in cotton insect honeydew composition and the related effects on test methods and processing quality. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1995, p. 1178. 

King, E.G., Phillips, J.R., and Coleman, R.J., Eds., Cotton Insects and Mites Characterization and Management, The Cotton Foundation Reference Book Series, No. 3, The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, TN, 1996. 

Chlorfenapyr is used on cotton, vegetables, and ornamentals to control whiteflies, thrips, caterpillars, mites, leafminers, aphids, and Colorado potato beetles. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 441 mg/kg. This compound is not registered for cotton insect control in the United States because of potential hazards to bird reproduction. 

Cotton Insect resistant 1.870 million pounds less insecticide active ingredients in various years (1998-2000) (5.144 million acres) Estimates from university experts and Monsanto on impact of Bt cotton in specific U.S. states... 

The initial laboratory reports of tests on the cotton insects were promising and showed reduction of feeding of the boll weevil, boll-worm, and leafworm. Unfortunately, the compound did not perform well in the field. The general picture throughout the cotton belt seemed to be that the early season control under low population pressure was satisfactory, but under heavy pressure from increasing population, the compound was not effective. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and skin contact. An insecticide used against leaf-feeding larvae of cotton insect pests. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of POx, SOx, and NOx. See also ESTERS. 

Suguiyama, L. Osteen, C. The Economic Importance of Cotton Insects and Mites U.S. Department of Agriculture, Econ. Res. Serv., AER-599, 1988. 

Hartstack, A. W. Sterling, W. L. The Texas Cotton-Insect Model TEXCIM Users Guide. Version 2.3.. 1988 TAES Computer Software Doc. Ser. MP-1646 38 pp. 

Tunstall, J. and Matthews, G.A. (1966) Large scale spraying trials for the control of cotton insect pests in Central Africa. Empire Cotton Growing Review, 43, 121-139. 

OTHER COMMENTS used for cotton insect pest control useful as an acaricide substance may be hazardous to the environment special attention should be given to bees and fish. 

Heptachlor [76-44-8], another cyclodiene insecticide of chemical structure similar to chlordane is a chlorination product of chlordane. Technical grade heptachlor contains about 73% heptachlor, 22% fran -chlordane and 5% nonachlor. This pesticide was extensively used until 1970s for the control of soil insects, cotton insects, grasshoppers and termite control. The use of this pesticide for underground termite control was banned in the United States in 1988. Its application after that was restricted to controlling fire ant in power transformers. The U.S. EPA has classified heptachlor as a Group B2 probable human carcinogen. 

O. El-Lissy and W. Grefenstette, Boll Weevil Eradication in the U.S. 2001, in Proc. 2002 Beltwide Cotton Conf. (Cotton Insect Research Control Conf.), National Cotton Council, Memphis, Tenn., 2002 [CD-ROM]. 

Because of the early successes of DDT, the area of synthetic terpene insecticides turned to chlorinated products during the early 1940s. In 1944, chlorinated camphene (toxaphene) was demonstrated to be effective on houseflies and on cotton insects. Commercial production began in 1947. Toxaphene is a product of the average formula CioHjoClg and consists of some 200 chlorinated components. Strobane, a terpene insecticide produced by chlorination of a mixture of camphene and a-pinene, was introduced at a later date to circumvent the toxaphene patents. Toxaphene had wide use for field crops and for animal parasites. However, all labels and uses for toxaphene in the United States were cancelled at the end of 1983 with the exception of scabies control for beef cattle and sheep. 

Calcium arsenate and lead arsenates (orthoarsenates and more complex arsenates) still are employed for certain cotton insects and codling moth control in apples, as well as for other insect-control purposes. These uses are dwindling, as are the uses of arsenites for soil sterilization. At present, the residue and toxicological properties of the arsenicals in relation to human toxicity and ecological factors are under review by government, scientific, and administrative bodies. The above is true also for organic arsenicals such as cacodylic acid [(CH3)2As(0)0H] and... 

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