Acaricides and insecticides

Areas of application San Jose scale, red spider mite 

Advantages Very effective against San Jose scale and red spider mite, does not harm beneficials 

Disadvantages Not biodegradable There should not be any frost for 2-3 days after spraying (otherwise there is phytotoxic damage or in susceptible varieties, such as Gala and Braeburn, the blossom trusses and leaves fall) 

Remarks Optimum time for use is the mouse-ear/redbud stage It is absolutely essential to spray each row twice (e.g. 2 x 15 1 if the amount used is 30 l/ha) Fine spraying gives better coverage Rapeseed oil is much less effective than paraffin oil but is easily degradable 

Ingestion inseoticide Highly infectious and toxic Highly specific effect Does not harm predatory mites 

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Cabras, P, Cabitza, F., Meloni, M., andPirisi, F.M. Behavior ofsome pesticide residues on greenhouse tomatoes. 2. Fungicides, acaricides, and insecticides, J. Agric. Food Chem., 33(5) 935-937, 1985. 

Abamectin is a specific mixture of two components avermectin Bi and avermectin Bib. Both of these components possess a double bond between C22 and C23 and differ by a methylene group in the side-chain substituents on C25. The mixture containing not less than 80% avermectin Bu and not more than 20% avermectin B is known as abamectin. Abamectin has a broad spectrum of activity against nematodes, but is primarily used in agriculture as an acaricide and insecticide (46). 

Difluorocyclopropanes and Difluoro-olefins New Compounds with Acaricidal and Insecticidal Properties ... 

ACARICIDE. A substance, natural or synthetic, used to destroy or control infestations of the animals making up Arachnida, Acarina, mainly miles and ticks, some forms of which are very injurious to both plants and livestock, including poultry. There are numerous substances that are effective both as acaricides and insecticides others of a narrower spectrum are strictly acaricides. See also Inscctieide and Insecticide and Pesticide Technology. 

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. After extensive research into the biological activity of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, relatively few of the pure Inonderivativel compounds have been found worthy of commercial attention. Popular for use in orchard spraying are the petroleum derivative oil spray s, which possess a good combination of acaricidal and insecticidal activity wiih low phytoioxicity. These sprays are effective against San Jose scale and mite. 

Thiophosphoric Acid Derivatives. A fortunate combination of characteristics occurs in the phosphoric acid derivatives upon substitution of a sulfur atom for one of the oxygens of the parent compound Namely, the toxicity of the derivatives to higher forms of life is substantially diminished. while at the same rime, (he acaricidal and insecticidal powers, with... 

Chemical Name 0,0-dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate V-dimethoxyphosphino-thioylthiome-thyl)phthalimide 5-[(l,3-dihydro-l,3-dioxo-2/f-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] 0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate phospho-rodithioic acid, A-[(l,3-dihydro-l,3-dioxo-2f/-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] 0,0-dimethyl ester Uses nonsystemic acaricide and insecticide. 

S-Hydroxylation of milbemycins 54a-c, 16-membered ring macrolides isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and showing potent and broad spectrum activity as anthelmintics, acaricides and insecticides, was found to be relatively efficient (yields around 50%) by selenium dioxide oxidation in formic acid and subsequent acidic hydrolysis (Scheme 6) [21]. 

The formamidine acaricides and insecticides, chlordimeform and ami-traz, are lethal to all life stages of acarines, but their activity to insects is considerably more restricted (1). Using the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, the structural requirements of formamidines for lethality have been elucidated ( -5), an< t ie structure (lethal moiety) for maximum activity is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, the ring must contain two substituents, and they must be located at positions two and four maximum activity was observed when position... 

The avermectins (AVM) are a family of naturally occurring macrolides which are produced by Streptomyces avermitilis and possess potent broad-spectrum anthelmintic, acaricidal and insecticidal activity (25-27). One of the major components of the avermectin complex is AVM Bla. This has been shown to interfere with neurotransmission at excitatory neuronal (nerve-nerve) synapses in the ventral nerve cord of A. suum where the mode of action seems to involve a GABA-ergic mechanism (1, 3) AVM Bla also abolishes the hyper polarizing potentials recorded from muscle bags of A. suum in response to stimulation of inhibitory motorneurones O, 3.). Kass and co-workers (2, 28) suggest that the effect on inhibitory neuromuscular transmission results from blockade of GABA receptors present on the postsynaptic muscle membrane. As the postsynaptic receptors are... 

Diaryl-4//-1,3,4-oxadiazines are antibacterial agents <83MI 6i7-0i>, and excellent acaricidal and insecticidal activities have been reported for 4-(fluoroalkyl)-2-(haloaryl)-5,6-dihydro-477-1,3,4-oxadiazines (271) (Section 6.17.7.2.2(i)) <93MI 617-01,94MI 617-01>. 

Folimat . [Bayer] Omethoate systemic acaricide and insecticide. 

Milbemycins, which were discovered by a Sankyo group, were isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subspecies aureolacrimosus. Milbemycins exhibit exceptionally potent acaricidal and insecticidal activities. First, they were produced as a mixture of 13 components (tti-aio and Pi-ps) by fermentation of strain SANK 60,576 [236]. Furthermore, the mutant strain SANK 60,576 produced milbemycin D, E, F, G, and H in high yield [237]. 

Fungicidal, acaricidal and insecticidal Complex I inhibitors are discussed in detail in Chapters 13.5 and 28.3 of this volume. 

Inhibitors of Mitochondriai Electron Transport - Acaricides and Insecticides I 885... 

Inhibitors of Mitochondrial Electron Transport -Acaricides and Insecticides I 891... 

Unlike the MET-I acaricides and insecticides, the MET-III inhibitor acequinocyl is a pro-insecticide that requires biological activation for activity. Acequinocyl is hydrolyzed to the corresponding deacyl derivative, 2-hydroxy-3-n-dodecyl-l,4-naphthoquinone (DHN), in isolated mitochondria (Fig. 28.3.3) [76]. This is consistent with the observation of a time lag in MET inhibition with acequinocyl [76] and that acequinocyl itself does not directly inhibit MET activity [91]. 

Consistent with the above mentioned trend of little MET-I cross-resistance from mites resistant to other types of acaricides, the MET-I resistant strains are, likewise, less likely to confer cross-resistance to other classes of acaricides and insecticides. MET-I acaricide-resistant TSSM strains exhibited little cross-resistance to dicofol, amitraz or chlorfenapyr [97, 103]. In the reverse case, a methidathion-resistant strain of the predatory mite A. womersleyi showed no cross-resistance to... 

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