Inorganic materials analysis

Yes, in combination with ion-beam sputtering 300 A for Auger analysis, even less for imaging Yes, called Scanning Auger Microscopy, SAM Sample requirements Vacuum-compatible materials Main use Elemental composition of inorganic materials... 

Applications of ISS to polymer analysis can provide some extremely useful and unique information that cannot be obtained by other means. This makes it extremely complementary to use ISS with other techniques, such as XPS and static SIMS. Some particularly important applications include the analysis of oxidation or degradation of polymers, adhesive failures, delaminations, silicone contamination, discolorations, and contamination by both organic or inorganic materials within the very outer layers of a sample. XPS and static SIMS are extremely comple-mentar when used in these studies, although these contaminants often are undetected by XPS and too complex because of interferences in SIMS. The concentration, and especially the thickness, of these thin surfiice layers has been found to have profound affects on adhesion. Besides problems in adhesion, ISS has proven very useful in studies related to printing operations, which are extremely sensitive to surface chemistry in the very outer layers. 

J. B. Pallix, C. H. Becker, and K. T. Gillen, Appl. Surface Sck 32,1 (1988). An applications oriented discussion of using MPI-SALI for depth profiling, interface analysis in inorganic material systems. Examples of SALI depth profiles are given of a B implant in Si and the fluorine implanted electronic test device which was referenced in this encyclopedia article. 

Wolf WR and Ihnat M (1984) Evaluation of available certified biological reference materials for inorganic nutrient analysis. In Wolf WR, ed. Biological Reference Materials, pp 89-105, John Wiley Sons. 

Dybczynski R, Poikowska-Motrenko H, Samczynski Z, and Szopa Z (1996) Preparation and Certification of the Polish Reference Material Oriental Tobacco Leaves (CTA-OTL-i) for Inorganic Trace Analysis. Raporty IChTJ Seria A nr 1/96. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsawa. 

Okumoto [89] has reported an analytical scheme (Scheme 2.8) for automotive rubber products (ENB-EPDM vulcanisates). For high-resolution PyGC analysis, organic additives are first removed from the rubber/(CB, inorganics) formulation. Carbon-black and inorganic material hardly interfere with pyrolysis. For the analysis of the additives the extracted soluble... 

Principles and Characteristics Combustion analysis is used primarily to determine C, H, N, O, S, P, and halogens in a variety of organic and inorganic materials (gas, liquid or solid) at trace to per cent level, e.g. for the determination of organic-bound halogens in epoxy moulding resins, halogenated hydrocarbons, brominated resins, phosphorous in flame-retardant materials, etc. Sample quantities are dependent upon the concentration level of the analyte. A precise assay can usually be obtained with a few mg of material. Combustions are performed under controlled conditions, usually in the presence of catalysts. Oxidative combustions are most common. The element of interest is converted into a reaction product, which is then determined by techniques such as GC, IC, ion-selective electrode, titrime-try, or colorimetric measurement. Various combustion techniques are commonly used. 

In this study, we extend the range of inorganic materials produced from polymeric precursors to include copper composites. Soluble complexes between poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VPy) and cupric chloride were prepared in a mixed solvent of 95% methanol 5% water. Pyrolysis of the isolated complexes results in the formation of carbonaceous composites of copper. The decomposition mechanism of the complexes was studied by optical, infrared, x-ray photoelectron and pyrolysis mass spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements. 

There is a branch of MS specially designed for dealing with the analysis of inorganic materials.[21,22] Different specific ionization techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),[23] glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS)[24] and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS),[25] are available and they are widely used in cultural heritage applications. Their description is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Identification and structural analysis of organic compounds. Determination of trace impurities in a wide range of inorganic materials (spark source mass spectrometry). 

Qualitative and quantitative analysis for a wide range of sample types, especially for inorganic materials and polymers. Kinetic studies where weight changes can be clearly attributed to a particular reaction. Chemical reactions, volatilization, adsorption and desorption may be studied. Relative precision at best ca. 1% but very variable. 

X-ray diffraction uses X-rays of known wavelengths to determine the lattice spacing in crystalline structures and therefore directly identify chemical compounds. This is in contrast to the other X-ray methods discussed in this chapter (XRF, electron microprobe analysis, PIXE) which determine concentrations of constituent elements in artifacts. Powder XRD, the simplest of the range of XRD methods, is the most widely applied method for structural identification of inorganic materials, and, in some cases, can also provide information about mechanical and thermal treatments during artifact manufacture. Cullity (1978) provides a detailed account of the method. 

Perezarantegui, J., Querre, G., and Castillo, J. R. (1994). Particle-induced X-ray-emission -thick-target analysis of inorganic materials in the determination of light-elements. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9 311-314. 

Redman, J. D., A Literature Review of Mass Spectrometric—Thermochemical Technique Applicable to the Analysis of Vapor Species Over Solid Inorganic Materials, ORNL, TM 989. 1966. 

In 1988, Tanaka et al. first reported the use of ultrafine metal powder in protein analysis. Since then, many inorganic materials, including graphite particles, fine metal or metal oxide powder, silver thin-film substrates or particles,and silica gel, have been used in the MALDI-TOF analysis of low-mass molecules. 

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